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Assessment 2 details
Assignments 2
The assignments are individual assignments, and all students are required to attempt each
assignment.
When doing your assignments please number your answers, so that the respective question
can be easily identified. If appropriate, do not only give numerical answers, but show the
steps and formulas you have used for your calculations.
Please leave margins all around the paper.
Assignment 2
Assignment 2 should NOT be attempted before
all the material up to and including Chapters 9 & 14 has been studied!
Assignment 2 is worth 20% of your total mark.
Read and discuss the article attached (see page 18)
D’Onise K, Lynch JW, McDermott RA, Esterman A. The beneficial effects of preschool attendance
on adult cardiovascular disease risk. ANZJPH 2011; 35(3): 278-283.
1. What was the purpose of the study? (1 mark)
2. Classify the study design (study type, directionality, timing). Was the study design
appropriate to address the purpose of the study? Justify your answer. (3 marks)
3. Describe the sampling process(s) and the sample as detailed as possible. What was the
sample size? (1 mark)
4. Who was the target population? (1 mark)
5. In the Methods section and also in Figure 1, the authors describe the participants who
remained in the study and the ones who were excluded. What kind of bias was potentially
introduced into the study because of the recruitment and participation process? (0.5 marks)
6. In Discussion, page 282, 5th paragraph (“These results may not be generalisable……”) the
authors discussed the issues surrounding their selection process. What is the resulting
direction of the bias suggested by the authors? Do you agree with their discussion of the
issue and their conclusion? Why or why not? Justify your answer. (2.5 marks)
7. Describe how the study factor was assessed? What kind of bias was potentially introduced
into the study because of the way the study factor was assessed? Speculate on the
direction of the bias. Justify your answer. (2 marks)
8. What were the outcome measures? Describe how the outcome measures were assessed.
When was outcome assessed in relation to the study factor? What kind of bias was
potentially introduced into the study because of the way the outcome was assessed? (2
marks)
9. In the context of the study, would you consider “age”, “parental alcohol consumption”, and
“level of education” to be potential confounders? Discuss each of the three variables
separately. (2 marks)
10. In Results, Table 3, page 281, the authors presented their main findings. Please explain the
Model 3 results for “Physical activity” and “Fruit”. What do these results tell you? Please
also interpret the 95% CI. (3 marks)
11. Are the authors able to contribute to the question of causality between attending a KU
kindergarten and cardiovascular disease risk? If so, in what way? Explain your answer. (2
marks)
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