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Must include these sources:
Goldman, A. I., & Sripada, C. S. (2005). Simulationist models of face-based emotion
recognition. Cognition, 94(3), 193-213. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2004.01.005
Hooker, C. I., Verosky, S. C., Germine, L. T., Knight, R. T., & D’Esposito, M. (2010). Neural
activity during social signal perception correlates with self-reported empathy. Brain
research, 1308, 100-13. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.006
compromise
Leiberg, S., & Anders, S. (2006). The multiple facets of empathy: A survey of theory and
evidence. Progress in Brain Research, 156, 419-440.
APA Psychology Formatting
Introduction
Your essay starts on the next page with your title in upper and lower case, centred and in boldface as the
heading. Don’t call it “Introduction”. The beginning one to two paragraphs should constitute the
Introduction. There are two aspects of the essay topic you need to introduce. Firstly, it is important that the
reader understand what the topic is in general and why it is important to discuss this topic. This will engage
the reader’s attention and encourage him or her to continue reading. Following this information, you need
to include a statement of your argument. This is a brief statement of what you believe to be true about the
topic. To do this, you should use simple, clear language, such as “I will argue…”, or “In this essay it will be
argued…” or “Research evidence indicates that…”.
A common mistake made is not including a clear argument. This is an understandable mistake – research
findings often differ from each other, leading researchers to different conclusions. To try to resolve these
differences and come up with a particular argument is a difficult but necessary task. Essay topics are usually
selected from areas of controversy so you can develop your ability to read and form opinions as a scientist.
Please note that developing an argument does not necessary mean agreeing with one side of an argument
or another – you may decide that both sides provide valid points and, therefore, the current state of
knowledge does not make a resolution on the issue possible. If you choose this form of argument, you still
need to structure your essay in a logical manner and provide critical comments on the research; it is not an
excuse for an unstructured, illogical essay.
Secondly, you need to outline the framework of the essay (see below for further details). That is, you need
to tell the reader what you will review and why you will review it so it is clear how the essay will proceed.
When you do this, you should still only include information on the main points to be discussed, not the
details of individual studies and their findings. Although the information contained in the Introduction might
be general, anything you say still needs to be supported with references to the scientific psychological
literature. There are a number of benefits stating the essay’s framework: (1) it prompts you to structure the
information in a logical argument, (2) it facilitates the flow of the essay (i.e., the reader knows where the
essay is going), and (3) it places limits on what information will be covered (in a 2000 word essay, it is very
difficult to cover all possible information on the topic so you need to state at the outset what will and will
not be included). All of this makes you argument more powerful.
The Essay Body
This section will include an organised, balanced, and well-outlined argument on your topic that follows the
framework detailed above. To do this, you need to research your topic by reading peer-reviewed journal
articles of research and books. While not everything you read will necessarily be included in your essay, you
do need to include at least eight references, at least six of which are peer-reviewed journal articles. If you
did not do PSYC1003, you need to consult with a librarian for instructions in using the PsycInfo electronic
database; this is a database that will help you search for relevant information. NOTE: Internet sites are not
acceptable references for your PSCY1005 Research Essay.
After you have read the literature on your topic, you can develop the framework that will guide your
argument. The framework should include the main points your argument will cover as well as the smaller
points to be included in each main point. The main points might include relevant theories, concepts or
research findings while the smaller points include the findings of individual studies and the strengths and/or
weaknesses of these studies. These points should include the information (e.g., theories, findings) that
supports your argument and the reasons why other information is invalid and, therefore, can be eliminated.
The framework also details the order the main and smaller points appear in the essay. This ensures the
argument progresses logically throughout the essay. It is not enough to present all of the relevant
information if you do not link this information together to form an overarching argument.
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