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1. According to James (1892) and subsequent psychological researchers, the self-concept is organized into multiple components or facets and can be conceptualized as a multi-faceted cognitive structure. James suggested that people may have many distinct social selves. (a) List several social selves that you feel you currently have in your life. (b) Are all of the five roles studied by Donahue et al. (1993) important to you? (c) Are there roles that are missing? (d) Is it possible to have a particular role (e.g., ice cream scooper at Sweet Dreams) but not have a corresponding role identity?
2. (a) What did Gergen (1972) mean when he said “The healthy, happy human wears many masks”? (b) Contrast that view with Block’s (1961) view that the individual without an integrated self-concept is “an interpersonal chameleon.” (If you have seen Woody Allen’s movie “Zelig,” you know what Block is trying to argue here.)
3. (a) Describe how your own personality is similar and how is is it different when you are with your father (or a father-like person) and when you are with a same-sex friend your own age. (b) Would your father recognize the personality that you show when you’re with your friend, and would your friend recognize the personality that you show when you’re with your father? Or would they be really surprised?
4. (a) Describe how Donahue et al. obtained the self-concept ratings for the 5 roles and 60 attributes in the identity-focused and in the role-focused conditions. (b) Did you expect these two conditions to lead to different results? (c) How did the results differ??
5. The computation of the SCD index described in the Method section is quite technical, and we do not need to consider the details here (you can also ignore all those footnotes). (a) But Donahue et al. translated the index back into the average correlation between the roles for each person. What was the highest score and what was the lowest score in terms of this average cross-role correlation? (b) The means and SDs of the SCD index are reported in the beginning of the results section. Overall, were people more differentiated or more consistent? (c) Did women differ from men?
6. In Study 1, what do the correlations in Tables 1 and 2 suggest about the psychological implications of SCD? (a) Are they generally positive or negative in terms of adjustment and personality traits? (b) Were people high in SCD more satisfied with their roles? (c) Did they have higher GPAs?
7. There are a lot of details in the Method section of Study 2 that you can skim. However, the longitudinal design of this study and the inclusion of observer ratings allow us to answer some important questions about SCD that Study 1 could not address. What are the main findings? Look at (a) the first 3 columns of correlations in Table 3 and (b) the last (3rd) column in Table 4.
8. In Study 2, number of earlier role changes (in relationships and in work) predicted higher levels of later SCD. (a) Explain in your own words what that finding means and why it makes sense. (Hint: If you’re stumped, check the authors’ interpretation in the General Discussion on p. 843 and also reread the section on the Development of the Divided Self on p. 844). (b) In your opinion, could the divided self begin to emerge already in conflicted relationships and fragmented roles during adolescence, as implied by the statement “My parents have often disapproved of my friends”)?
9. How do the authors propose to integrate the fragmentation and specialization views at the end of the article? Note that they studied the consistency of self-perceptions across roles identities, not the consistency of actual behavior across roles.
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