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Choose any Beatles song that has not been discussed at length in class. Write a discussion of play in your chosen piece, accounting for the activities of composers, performers, and listeners in any combination. Use class lectures and readings from both class books, Can’t Buy Me Love and The Beatles: Paperback Writer, in identifying and discussing the musical, historical, cultural, and artistic constraints within which the composers/performers played in creating this song.Choosing a piece.
You may choose a song that has been mentioned in class, but we will expect you to write more about such a song than was said in class about it. Musical elements
Composers play with the elements of music in composing a piece of music. Performers translate the composers ideas into sound. For the Beatles, the composers were also the performers, and all four Beatles frequently worked out their arrangement together. For that reason composer play and performer play is likely to be intertwined. Also, you may consider the contributions of the producer (generally George Martin) and the recording engineers as part of overall performer play.
You should spend some time analyzing your song in terms of the following elements. You may decide that you don’t need to include all of these elements in your final paper, but do think about all of them.
Form: Based on the lyrics, chart out the musical form of the song. Are there verses, that is, sections of music that repeat with different words? Is there a refrain, that is, a section of music that repeats with the same words? Is the song based on A A B A song form, that is, with verses and a bridge (middle 8)? Is the song a 12-bar blues? Is there an introduction, either with or without words?
Instrumentation and texture: What voices and instruments are used in the recording? Do they all appear throughout the song, or only in particular places? What is the general texture of the song: is it the original Beatles lineup of lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums, or some other grouping? Do all four Beatles participate, or only some of them? Are any other musicians involved (e.g., Yesterday has a string quartet)? How many people are singing? Think about the particular timbre (sound colors) of the voices and instruments, and how they interact.
Mark Lewisohn’s book, The Beatles, recording sessions, is on reserve for our class at the Music Library. This book details who exactly performed on each recorded track. Information about musical personnel has been included in the Wikipedia articles for individual Beatle songs, but I will want you to cite the original book if you use that information.
Once you have the larger sections (musical form) mapped out, you can identify and add local details, such as instrumental solos, vocal harmony vs. solo voices (also, note vocal details such as call-and-response), over-dubbed percussion, etc. Melody: what is the shape of the melody? Does each line of the verse start on a high pitch or a low one? Does each sung line move up or down in pitch? Is there any pattern to the melody’s motion throughout the verse? Does the melody stop at the end of each line, or does it connect more than one line together? Does the melody proceed by steps or leaps? Frequently the Beatles (and other composers) will use the shape of a melody to reflect what the song is about does that happen in your song? Or does the melody produce an abstract shape in sound?
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