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“Go forth under the open sky, and list To Nature’s teachings”, this quote by William Cullen Bryant sums up the artistic themes of the roman-ticism movement. Because of the romanticism newfound views on nature and life lots of the forms of art changed. Two major changes in the art movement due to the romanticism movement was the change in art and poetry. The use of paintings changed dramatically during the movement of romanticism, along with the drastic change in poetic style; Turner and Bryant are remembered as some of the greats that mastered these two methods. Both JMW Turner and William Cullen Bryant fall under the great umbrella of romanticism through their views of nature, use of imagery and their views on individualism.
Romanticism in literature was a period in the late 1700s and early 1800s in which writers rejected order, rules and the concept of being rational. The romantic movement acted as a response to previous era of sciences and organization known as the Enlightenment. Romanticism gave the opportunity to authors for exploration of freedom, emotions, nature and independence while still pushing the idea of imagination. Although many believe that the romanticism movement started in Western Europe, the movement soon spread to several other areas, such as the United States in which it had an long-lasting effect on the art and writing styles.
The early American colonists, who came from Great Britain taking many of the Romantic ideas of freedom and independence with them.This is how many believe the views of romanticism were planted causing a great movement in America as early as the 1600s. ALthough settlement life was hard, many people found great inspiration and confront in the beauty of nature. In literature, this idea came about in the movement of romanticism, which became popular in between the 1830s and 1865, when conflicts over slavery became increasingly tense and raised questions and awareness about the worth of human beings.
Many of the romanticism movement writers were transcendentalists like major leaders in the movement Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson, who stressed the beauty of nature and man’s identity as a natural being. Romanticism was primarily a response to the ideas expressed during the Enlightenment, which focused on order and logic. The romanticism movement responded to the Enlightenment by adding an emphasis on imagination, emotion and intuition over rational thought.. The Romanticism movement stressed nature, individualism and the idea of the common man. The movement also emphasised greatly the freedom from rules this differed from the Enlightenment movement which emphasised strict regulation.
Although the Romantic movement emphasized individualism, the idea of nationalism acted as another major attribute of the movement. Many people who followed the romantic movement believed strongly in joining together to fight personal social battles or to support human rights. This was seen as something very critical to being physically and intellectually free. For this reason, writers in the Romanticism movement often used rebellion and revolution, either real or imaginary, as a backdrop for their stories.While artist in the movement frequently painted pictures of historical revolutions.
Many of the concepts behind Romanticism led to tons of writers all around the world rejecting the more limitative methods. For example, although they enjoyed poetry by shakespeare, many writers started moving away from that strict form of poetry, towards the experimental styles of free verse that the Romantic movement brought about. Writers began to use more common language and they also typically focused less on realistic limits and let their imaginations rule their poetry without restrictions, they often focused on emotions.
Along with the concepts of the romanticism movement influencing the poetic style, art was greatly influenced. Artist also started to reject the more structured form of art, art started to be more about being yourself and sharing great self- expression. The art focused mainly on emotions just like the poetry.
One of the artist who captures this romantic themes greatly is JMW Turner. Joseph Mallord William Turner is often described as the greatest 19th century landscape painter. He is well known for his fixation on the powers of nature in which in constantly transferred to amazing art pieces. Although he had a great love for nature in his later years his work focuses on great revolutions.
Turner displayed evident changes in his painting style throughout his career. Although he stayed in the category of landscape, as his career went along he started to pay less and less attention to details of objects and landscape and more attention to the shading, use of light and color. Staying true to his romantic movement, Turner became more fixated on the natural and atmospheric elements of his paintings.
In many of Turner’s early paintings he executed more of an dramatic, Romantic subject by emphasizing light in more of a dull form, and atmosphere. One art critic said that “one can observe a more precise attention paid to architectural and natural details in his early years, as compared to his later years”. Turner’s painting style changed dramatically during the 1880s. His paintings started to become brighter and atmospheric. Turner started to focus more on color rather than details. This is seen in Turner’s 1813s Frosty Morning which is based primarily on the effects of light.
As time went on Turner started to pay less attention to details and more on atmospheric quality created by the natural elements,like in the picture above the sunsetting.
Just as Turner held true to his beliefs in the romanticism movement Bryant did as well. Bryant like the other romanticism writers threw away the strict form of poetry, and led heavily towards the experimental styles of free verse that the Romantic movement brought about. Bryant began to use more of a common language while also still focusing less on realistic limits and letting his imagination rule his poetry without restrictions. BRyant started to focus on emotions and the beauty of nature primarily.
One of Bryants first well known poems is To a Waterfowl, which focuses on nature, but uses it as a way to express the human struggle.
“ Whither, ‘midst falling dew,
While glow the heavens with the last steps of day,
Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue
Thy solitary way?”
In this section of his poem Bryant talks about the last light of day and how it fades away,causing there to be complete darkness.He then goes on to say “dost thou pursue thy solitary way”, I think that this section is saying that as soon as that last hope a man has is gone (that hope being his light), he walks away feeling hopeless and alone. Just the way the it feels when that drop of day leaves you in the dark.I the next section of the poem Bryant says.
“Vainly the fowler’s eye
Might mark thy distant flight, to do thee wrong,
As, darkly seen against the crimson sky,
Thy figure floats along.“
This section follows the same maening as the frist, what Bryant trying to say with “Vainly the fowler’s eye Might mark thy distant flight, to do thee wrong” is that once you lose that hope all you can do is watch your dreams from afar knowing that you can never accomplish them. Because those dreams start to just become the background of your life and you slowly lose sight of them.” As, darkly seen against the crimson sky,Thy figure floats along.“
The movement of Romanticism can be summed up through its artist overview of nature and their use of imagery and views of individualism,All of which are concepts both Bryant and Turner express.
Because both Turner and Bryant fall under the umbrella of romanticism the both share similar themes and outlooks on life. They both have a great overview of nature and share in the use of imagery. Lastly both Turner and Bryant have a gift for pulling great emotions from those who enjoy their works.
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