Alexis de Tocqueville, a French Political Thinker best known for his two volumes on Democracy in America remarked after one of his visits to America that: He was unimpressed with Americans enthusiasm for joining civic groups and associations. The cumulative powers of special interest groups were too strong and would undo the new democracy. The single issue interest groups were important to spread power away from the center fostering democratic habits and a civil society. Special interest groups were merely an instrument of the ruling class. Karl Marx, a powerful critic of democracy and capitalism, and later Vladimir Lenin a Russian revolutionary failed to recognize a ?ªkey virtue?ª or factor inherent in democracies: That mature democracies continue to evolve The importance of religious freedom through the separation of Church and State The importance of the protestant ethic to work hard on earth and be reworded in Gods kingdom. The checks and balances provided by three separate governmental branches ?ª the executive, the judicial, and the legislative Which of the following Political institutions is not required by Large-scale Democracies? Free, fair, and frequent elections Freedom of expression and inclusive citizenship Alternative sources of information and association autonomy Appointed officials by the Congress The growth of administrative review can be explained as a reaction to the growth of state power. What landmark case gives the Supreme Court the power to rule laws invalid because of their unconstitutionality? Hamilton Vs. Madison Marbury Vs. Madison Burr Vs. Hamilton Jefferson Vs. Adams Many European countries have buttressed the influence of pressure groups by giving them a semi-official status. Which of the following statements is not true? In Germany, the executive branch of government is obliged by law to consult the various big ?ªinterest organizations?ª before drafting legislation. French interest groups do not depend at all on state for the both money and membership of a network of formal consultative bodies. In Japan, powerful pressure groups such as the Zenchu (Central Union of Agricultural Co-operatives) have turned large areas of public policy into virtual no-go areas. Pressure groups are also increasingly active at a transnational level
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