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– Ignore all the discussion of labour unions. There are other courses that cover labour unions. – Ignore the penultimate section titled ‘Policy Options for Redressing Inequality’
– Ignore Figures 5 and 6 and the write-up on them .
– For Figure 2: the horizontal axis measures the percentiles (i.e. the bottom 1% then the second
lowest percent, … up to the top 1%) of wages in 1980. The vertical axis measures (essentially) the percentage change in wages from 1980 to 2005. Figures 3a and 3b show the same thing for different time periods.
You should do the following in your report.
a) include a short introduction and conclusion.
b) explain in simple terms (without using technical terms like Gini, Lorenz, or variance) what income inequality is.
c) explain why more or increasing inequality is usually considered bad for society.
d) explain why more or increasing equality can be bad for society.
e) explain why the distribution of market income across families in the economy is much more unequal than the distribution of disposable income across families in the economy. Define both and explain how they are different from the distributions across individuals.
f) explain what is meant by ‘ratcheted’ (p.123) with respect to market income inequality, and what implications it has for income inequality.
g) explain why market income inequality increased a lot from 1979 to 1995 but disposable income inequality remained virtually unchanged. Think David Peterson and Bob Rae (Premier Bob) for Ontario (you can look them up on Wikipedia).
explain why disposable income inequality increased a lot from 1995 to 2008 but market income inequality remained virtually unchanged. Think Mike Harris (Iron Mike) for Ontario (you can look him up on Wikipedia).
See also the Topic 3, Supplementary Notes on ‘Welfare in Ontario’.
h) consider males in the bottom 20% of the 1980 wage distribution. What happened to their wages from 1980 to 2005? Explain why
i) consider females in the bottom 20% of the 1980 wage distribution. Compare what happened to their wages to what happened to male wages, 1980 to 2005. Explain the reasons for the difference.
j) consider males and females in the middle of the 1980 wage distribution. What happened to male’s wages from 1980 to 2005? Compare to female wages over the same period.
k) explain what happened (from 1980 to 2005) to the numbers of males and females with wages in the middle of the wage distribution in 1980. Distinguish between what happened to males and what happened to females over the period, and explain why.
l) consider males and females whose wages were in the top 1% of the wage distribution in 1980. What happened to their earnings from 1980 to 2010. What differences are there between men and women?
It will be assessed for both content and style. Content counts for about three-quarters of the grade. Style attributes (grammar, syntax, spelling, readability, clarity, overall coherence, …) count for the rest.
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