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1. A good common approach
a. Defined; those that unite a community at the lowest familiar level
b. This approach to moral values assumes of a society which complies individuals whose own good is inextricably linked with the good of the society. Members of the community are bound by the pursuit of common goals and values. The common good is an idea with its origin dating back to more than 2,000 years back in the writings of Cicero, Plato and Aristotle. Recently, John Rawls came up with a contemporary definition of common good, he defined it as :certain general conditions which are equal to everyone’s advantage”
In this view, we gear towards ensuring that the social systems and policies, institution and environment which depend on, are beneficial to us. Examples of goods common to all are; effective public safety, a just legal system, affordable health care and unpolluted environment. Request to the common good insist that we should view ourselves as members of the same community, this reflects a broad question concerning the kind of society we would wish to be part of and ways in which to achieve that society. A we respect and value the freedom of individuals to pursue their own goals, the common goal approach challenges us to recognize and further the goals we share in common.
2. Utilitarian Approach
a. It is often defined as the 51% rule. If it is fit for majority of the people, it is adopted.
b. Utilitarianism was started in the 19th century by Jeremy Bentham and john Stuart Mill to help legislators identify the best laws which would be morally accepted. Both Bentham and Mill came up with the idea that ethical actions are those that provide the greatest balance for good over evil. To evaluate an issue using this approach, first, we identify the various courses of action available to us. Second, we find who will be affected by each of the action and what harm and benefit will be derived from each. And third, we select the action that will produce the enormous benefit and little harms. The ethical action is on that provides the utmost good for the greatest number.
3. Rights approach
a. Can be defined as, an individuals right to choose. In this case corporation and companies are recognized as individual.
b. This approach has its root in the philosopher of the 18th century, thinker Immanuel Kant and others like him, who focused on individuals’ right to chose for her or himself. According to these philosophers, the difference between human being and mere things is that man has dignity based on his ability to choose freely what to do with their lives, and they have basic moral right to have this choice respected. Therefore, people are not objects to be stage-managed; it is against human dignity to use people in way they have not freely chosen. In other way, many different, but related, rights exist besides this basic one. Other rights can be thought of as different features of the basic right to be treated as you choose. The right to truth; we have the right to be told the truth and get relevant information about matters that can significantly affect our choices.
The right of privacy: so long as our rights do not violate others right, we have the right to do, believe and say whatever we choose in our personal lives. Right not to be injured: unless we freely and knowingly do something that will deserve punishment or you choose to risk in such injuries, then you have the right not to be harmed or injured in any manner. Right to what is agreed: we have the right to access what has been promised by people whom we have entered into agreement with freely.
In making the decision whether an action is either moral or immoral using this third approach, we must ask, does the act respect the moral rights of everyone? Action are said to be wrong depending to the extent which they have violated rights of individual; the more serious violation, the more wrongful the action is.
4. Justice and Fairness approach.
a. Apparent defined as, equals treated equally and non equals treated differently.
b. This approach has its origin from the teaching of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, who said that “equals should be treated equally and unequal’s, unequally.” The vital question in this approach is; how fair is an action? Does it treat every person in the same way or it shows some favoritism and discrimination. Favoritism gives advantage to some people without any reason for singling them out; whereas, discrimination inflicts burdens to certain people who are not different to those whom burdens are not inflicted. But both favoritism and discrimination are unjust and wrong.
5. Virtue Approach
a. Definition; incase there was a continuous ladder to heaven, each rung up the ladder would be considered virtuous. The approach does not consider money, time or other factor that may be required.
b. Virtue ethics resounds with experience of life in which our natural character traits are of great importance. Ethical principles that gives us direction on what action to take, do not consider the nature of the moral agent. Though we have to make moral decision with much caution, it is not worth to strip this process of attitude to focus on reason alone. Humans are sophisticated creatures with the ability to reason what is tempered by our emotional reactions.
These reactions have an integral part on how we perceive and assess the world around us and also influence our judgments. It is the virtue ethics that recognize this important component of our moral experience. It investigates how moral agents can learn by practicing a habit and how to develop good characteristics that enables us to behave well. It is an exciting and refreshing discovery that the character of moral agent could of crucial importance.
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