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Address a current public issue that you believe is based on an important assumption of values; in formal argumentation, this assumption is often called a Warrant–an abstract, pervasive principle of moral / cultural / social of “correct” belief (eg., “We should protect funding for education in North Carolina because education represents our future”). Hey–with the Presidential race winding frantically to its conclusion, the “culture war” is heating up!
In the “Declaration of Independence,” for example, Thomas Jefferson states, as his warrant,”We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal, and are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these rights are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” A classic example of stating a principle upon which the argument is based, assuming that the readership will, in abstract, agree with the statement.*
2) Now, your job is to tie the issue to the warrant, or general value assumption: Notice that Jefferson spends the majority of the “Declaration…” citing specific actions by the British Monarchy which violate the “inalienable rights” of the American Colonists…Thirty-three examples, to be precise! We could label his development of these specific examples as the Evidence or Justification to clarify and support his Claim–assuming that if the readership believes the warrant to be true, then the claim must have some validity!
If you agree, in other words, that “all men are endowed by their Creator” with universal “rights,” and that these rights have been transgressed by a secular power–then “armed aggression” (the American Revolution) must indeed be justified! That’s why Jefferson exerts such effort to make the connection between the abstract belief statement and the real-life situation.
3) Somewhere in your 5-10 paragraph argument, you should, as Marcus says, “argue against yourself”–that is, touch on one or two points of counter-argument, or statements which seem to contradict the validity of your claim.
To put it a different way: What points would those who disagree with you express as a rebuttal? Address one of two of these points; this part of your argument, known as concession as well as counter-argument or rebuttal. is traditionally placed between the Evidence (or body) of the essay and the conclusion. Jefferson develops one paragraph of counter-argument, describing in detail the efforts the Colonists have made to redress their grievances with the British government; by way of assuring the readership that the use of violent insurrection to achieve political changes has not been an easy or premature “choice”! This technique cleverly places the responsibility of the bloodshed of the American Revolution firmly on King George III and the actions of his administration! (“They made us take this drastic step!”) 4) As the Gurus tell us in Lesson #9, an Appeal to Values can make a strong case, creating “compassion and concern” on the part of the reader. Notice Rosa’s efforts to understand and shape the complicated elements of her topic on “Church Sanction” (or “Sanctuary”), as well as “ecology-minded” Mitch’s focus on “amphibian decline”! In both cases, the topic is important to them–and they strive to make it important to the reader!
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