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Marks: 30%
The following essay question must be completed and submitted prior to sitting for the final written theory assessment.
You will have to research outside of the material supplied for this essay.
Essay topic
Discuss one of the following disorders.
Osteoporosis
In your discussion you must spend at least half the essay describing the normal structure and function of the part of the body affected by the disorder. For example if discussing osteoarthritis you must describe the structure of synovial joints and in particular the articular cartilage.
In the other half of the essay describe the pathophysiology of the disorder and relate its associated symptoms to normal function. Do not discuss treatments. Your assignment is to be submitted electronically via the instructions below.
As students, you are exploring and building upon the knowledge of predecessors as well as your
own experiences. For these reasons your work, whether it be in the form of an essay, case
study, practical report or thesis, represents; first, the integration of the work of others and
second, the creation of your own unique argument and style. It is important when writing to
separate what you are saying and what others say about the subject. Referencing is the
method used to indicate such separation of ideas and adds considerable scholarly impact to a
piece of work.
Indicating the sources of evidence, theories and arguments in essays is something that students
often find worrying, yet it is a simple matter governed by some simple conventions which are
easily learned and which should become automatic after writing the first one or two
assignments. The sources from which you derive all quotations, all evidence, all statistics, all
theories, all opinions you use in your assignment/essay/project/report should be cited clearly so
the readers can identify them and refer to them quickly and easily. Notice that this most
important rule applies to the use of all those sources other than your own original work.
Referencing is necessary whenever you use the ideas or work of others by quoting verbatim
(word for word), paraphrasing
(summarising and restating), or citing (mentioning another”s
work in support of your own). Failure to do this is plagiarism – a most serious infringement of
academic conventions.
The system of documenting and referencing
In all cases of documenting the source within the text, several principal aspects should be
followed:
• Author”s name,
• Year of publication and page number (the page number may be omitted when
referring to the general argument of a chapter, book or article)
Examples:
Various researchers obtained roughly the same results (James and Carter, 1960;
Goldsmith, 1958); others recorded diametrically opposed readings (Bromely, 1961).
When using reference sources from edited work you should cite the author of the actual
chapter or article used, not the name of the editor for the book or journal. In the following
example, Specht, (1970:108) would appear in your text but the complete reference details (see
below) would appear in your reference list:
Specht, R.L. 1970. Vegetation. In Leeper, G.W. (Ed.) The Australian Environment. M.U.P.
Melbourne: 105-118
Reference List
At the end of an assignment all the works cited are listed in full. Start this on a new page with a
heading “References”. The list is compiled alphabetically according to author”s names.
It is not necessary to separate books, journals, conference papers, reports etc. Three examples
follow, the first is a book, the second a journal article and the third is an edited book:
Basic Rules for Referencing Books
1. State the name(s) and initial(s) of the author(s). Separate authors by use of
commas. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author.
2. Enclose the year of publication in parenthesis.
3. Capitalise only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if any, any proper nouns.
Ensure the tile of the book is underlined or in italics.
4. The city of publication (followed by a full colon).
5. The publisher.
Basic Rules for Referencing Journal Articles.
1. State the name(s) and initials(s) of the author(s).
2. Enclose the year of publication in parenthesis. Write “in press” in parentheses for
articles that have been accepted for publication but have not yet actually been
published.
3. The title of the article – do not underline or use italics.
4. The name of the journal (underlined or in italics).
5. The volume (underlined or in italics) and number (not underlined or italics).
6. The page numbers where the article can be found.
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