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Please read the writing guide very carefully then write it clearly.
My topic is about “Central Park, Olmstead and Vaux, New York, NY, 1858-76”
Please write a page for “Annotated Bibliography”(at the end of the paper) and write a research paper for 6 pages. So 7 pages total.
Nineteenth-century Architecture
Writing guidelines for quarter paper
Requirements:
-5-6 pages in length
-double-spaced
-reasonable font (i.e. not too large)
-introduction, body and conclusion
-endnotes or footnotes in Chicago-Turabian style
-bibliography in Chicago-Turabian style
-images at the end of your paper (not included in the text)
-title page complete with your name, course number and name, instructor’s name, date
-page numbers
Advise on writing a good paper:
This is general advice designed to supplement the instructions provided to you on the ARLH 206 Topics and Bibliography Guide.
Choosing a Topic
Choose a specific topic for your research paper. You should avoid broad stylistic discussions and instead concentrate on specific issues, architects, or buildings. For example, you do not want to write a research paper on a topic like “Neoclassical Architecture”—this topic is much too broad, leading to a paper that skims over important issues, people, and structures without investigating the topic in detail or providing meaningful analysis. A better topic could be, for example, “The Neoclassical Elements of the Houses of Parliament by Charles Barry.” This is a much better topic because it is focused on a single issue, namely neoclassical elements in a gothic revival building. It also focuses on one building, the houses of Parliament, and on one architect, Charles Barry. This topic is also better than the broad “Neoclassical Architecture” because it can easily support an argument based upon the question, “are there neoclassical elements in the gothic revival Houses of Parliament?” This facilitates the easy drafting of a thesis, which provides the focus of your paper and assists in its organization.
Therefore, when choosing a topic, ask yourself:
• Does my topic focus on one issue or many?
• Does it have a specific building or architect that can provide a focus?
• What questions can I ask about this topic?
Report on one of the following architectural theorists:
Étienne-Louis Boullée
John Ruskin
Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc
Report on one building, landscape design or urban plan within the timeframe of our course (1750-1890).
England
Leyswood, Richard Norman Shaw, Sussex, 1868-69
Natural History Museum, Thomas Deane and Benjamin Woodward, Oxford,
1855-60
France
Eiffel Tower, Gustave Eiffel, 1887-89
Germany
Altes Museum, K. F. Schinkel, Berlin, 1824-28
United States
Biltmore House, Richard Morris Hunt (with Olmstead), Asheville, NC, 1888-95
Boston Public Library, McKim, Mead & White Boston, MA, 1887-92.
Central Park, Olmstead and Vaux, New York, NY, 1858-76 (MY TOPIC)
Marshall Field Wholesale Store, H. H. Richardson, Chicago, IL, 1885-87.
Monticello, Thomas Jefferson, Charlottesville, VA, 1770-1809
Quincy Market, Alexander Parris, Boston, MA, 1825-26
Trinity Church, H. H. Richardson, Boston, MA, 1872-77
Examine a new building type from the following: museums, public theatres, public libraries, railway stations, department stores, exhibition and fair buildings. Be sure to address why it appeared at this time and how the design responded to the perceived need for this building (make sure you consider technology).
Gendered spaces: architecture used for places reserved exclusively, or almost exclusively, for either men or women. If you decide on this topic please see me before you begin your research as the search criteria can be somewhat complex.
Architecture as a tool for conditioning behavior (two examples include reformed tenement design in New York City and prison architecture)
Utopian communities that were formed during the 1750-1890 timeframe
The Shakers
The Harmonists
Fourier’s Phalanstère concept
Architecture and Empire: choose between France and Great Britain and using one or two structures investigate how France or Britain integrated its architecture into the colonies
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Annotated Bibliography
You must have a minimum of four sources for your annotated bibliography.
An annotated bibliography is a list of the sources you plan to use in your quarter research paper and a brief discussion of the usefulness of each. The purpose is both to help you organize your resources in terms of their relevance to various aspects of your paper and to let me know that you have chosen sources that will allow you to complete the assignment successfully.
Under each source you list, you should write a brief summary (no more than 150 words) of why this source is valuable for your research. Your discussion should include the specific contribution the source will make to your paper. If you happen to find sources with different conclusions on the same topic, you should mention both this difference in opinion and the manner in which this divergence will inform your work.
I will allow internet sources in your paper, but you are limited to one and you must present valid reasons for the reliability of this source (Wikipedia is not acceptable). Because it is a general survey, your textbook is not considered an acceptable source for this assignment but remember to comb through the endnotes and bibliography for possible sources.
Remember that this paper is your opportunity to learn about an aspect of the built environment of the time frame we focus on that we have not covered in class.
The style I ask you to choose for your bibliographic and footnote (or endnote) citations is the Chicago-Turabian style. Please see the pdf guide to Chicago-Turabian on Blackboard.
Developing a Thesis
The thesis statement is the single most important sentence in your research paper. A good thesis statement presents an argument in favor of a specific position and also gives the reader an idea of the organization of your research paper. This distinguishes a research paper from a report, which is a basic summary or presentation of fact without an overarching argument or analysis. Thesis statements are important because they allow you to not only present information but also to analyze information in support of a position on an issue.
How do you develop an effective thesis? An effective thesis serves to answer a question about an issue or topic. For example, the question could be “Is the Houses of Parliament a pure example of Gothic Revival Architecture?” This could be answered either “Yes, it is” or “No it is not.” However, this is not sufficient as a thesis: a thesis should provide supporting reasons for the stated position. These reasons form the main elements of the paper and illustrate the organization of the paper. For example, a better thesis would be “The Houses of Parliament are not a pure example of Gothic Revival Architecture because Charles Berry incorporated neoclassical elements into the design such as symmetry, hierarchy, and axial organization.” This thesis presents a clear argument against pure Gothic Revival and presents three main points or evidence in support of the argument. The three points in support of the argument can then be developed into major topics within the paper, providing a logical and coherent organization to the paper. By providing an argument and major points in support of the argument, the thesis gives your paper a strong focus and makes writing the paper much easier.
Therefore, when developing a thesis, it is important to have several questions in mind:
• What question does my thesis try to answer?
• Does my thesis present a clear argument?
• Does my thesis present specific points that support my argument?
• Can I determine the organization of my paper from my thesis?
Researching your paper:
Once you have chosen your topic and developed either a basic thesis or you have a research question that can lead to a thesis, you can begin to research your paper. Look at a wide variety of sources when researching, beginning with general sources and then concentrating on specific sources. Encyclopedias and Survey textbooks are good for introductory or background material and for discovering specific sources, but they should not be the most important sources for your paper. Books and academic articles on your topic are the best sources for research papers, since they provide specific information and because they are more reliable than other sources of information. Internet sources can vary in quality, from reputable academic websites with reliable information to horrible websites that plagiarize other people’s works or ideas. When using Internet sites, pay attention to the last few letters of the website; websites ending in .edu or .gov tend to be the most reputable, followed by .org websites. Be wary of .com websites, and try to verify any information from those websites before including them in your research paper, if at all.
When researching, make sure to write down the bibliographic information of every source you consult. Writing down the complete bibliographic information of each source as you research makes it easier to format your bibliography and footnotes as you write your paper, as well as helps prevent plagiarism. It also allows you to quickly find the same resources later if you need to consult them again. When taking notes from books or other print media, note page numbers as well. For internet sites, note not only the url address, but also the title of the site, the author or editor of the site (if there is one), the sponsoring organization, the date you visited the site, and any other information that would help a reader find your original source.
Finally, when taking notes, make sure you make note whether what you have written down is a direct quote or paraphrase (summary of a source in your own unique words). This is important in order to avoid accidentally plagiarizing a source. Also, when taking notes, it is also helpful to write why you feel the evidence you are noting is important or relevant to your thesis—this will help you in writing both your annotated bibliography and your paper later on.
Questions to keep in mind while researching:
• Is the source relevant to my thesis?
• Is this a general or specific source? Does this source provide footnotes that can lead me to more specific sources?
• How reliable is the source? Is it too old or does it come from a questionable authority?
• For Internet sites: is this a reliable source? Who wrote it? When? Can I verify the information?
• Did I write down the source’s bibliographic information? Have I correctly noted the source of all my notes?
• Have I made a distinction between different types of notes (quotes, paraphrases, summaries, etc.) and my own thoughts?
Organizing your paper:
A good research paper has an interesting topic and a clear thesis. It also has a clear, logical organization designed to support the thesis statement. The best way to assure that your research paper is well organized is to produce an outline while you are researching your paper. This will help guide your research and will help organize your thoughts while also providing a framework for writing. An outline should include the major points stated in your thesis. It should also include the evidence you plan to use in your paper organized under the appropriate points. This way the outline shows the logical progression of your paper, allowing you to evaluate and strengthen your argument.
Outlines should be organized around the primary points stated in your thesis; however, they can be formatted in many different forms. Outlines can be formally organized (I, II, III… or A., B., C…) or informally organized around major points or ideas, or they can even be linear storyboards of ideas and evidence. One of the best outline forms is the topic sentence outline, where each important point is represented by a topic sentence that relates directly back to your original thesis. Good topic sentences also help the reader understand why the evidence you are presenting is important and relevant to the thesis. Topic sentence outlines your research paper stay on topic, strengthen your argument, and form the basis for paragraphs in your paper.
Questions that help when writing an outline:
• Does the point I am making in the research paper relate to my thesis?
• Is there a clear and consistent logic between my points? Does my reasoning make sense?
• Is the information I am including relevant? Why have I chosen to include this point?
Introductions and Conclusions
Introductions and Conclusions are the two most important paragraphs in your research paper. Introductions serve to hook the reader’s attention, state the paper’s topic, and present the main thesis of the paper. Introductions take many forms: they can begin with an interesting fact that then leads to the topic and thesis of the paper, or can begin with a general focus that then narrows down to the topic and thesis. Introductions also provide readers with an idea of how the paper is organized, usually through a well-crafted thesis statement. The thesis is almost always at the end of the introduction and serves as a transition to the rest of the paper by presenting a clear argument and supporting points. Therefore, a good introduction is interesting and informs the reader about the paper’s topic, thesis, and organization. This way the reader is interested in reading the rest of your paper and in following your argument.
The conclusion paragraph provides you with an opportunity to tie all your evidence together with your thesis. In the conclusion, you restate your thesis and summarize how the primary points of your paper support your argument. The conclusion is like the final argument in a court case: you have presented your evidence and now you are wrapping it together into a whole, cohesive argument. It is important not to present new evidence in your conclusion (that is for the body of the paper) but to summarize your argument and evidence in a concise way for the reader. This way they are inclined to agree with your thesis.
Questions to guide in writing good introductions and conclusions:
• Does my introduction grab the reader’s attention? Does it clearly present my topic and my thesis?
• Does my conclusion restate my thesis? Can a reader gain a clear, concise view of my entire argument from my conclusion? Am I presenting any new ideas in my conclusion?
Grammar, Spelling, and Format
Modern word processing programs have made paper writing much easier than in the past, especially with the incorporation of both spell checker and grammar checkers into the programs. However, this does not remove the need to proofread your paper. Grammar checkers do not catch all incorrect usages, nor do spell checkers catch all misspellings, especially if the word that is misspelled looks exactly like the correct spelling of an entirely different word (for example, their vs. there). Look for common mistakes such as incorrect contractions, like its (meaning it is) versus it’s (meaning it possessive). Also check for the appropriate use of commas and other punctuation. If you have questions, various grammar guides are available online and in the library for reference, or you can check with the either the Writing Center or the professor.
In addition to grammar and spelling, be sure to check the formatting of your paper as well. Make sure all quotations are properly enclosed by quotation marks and properly footnoted and that you have also properly noted ideas that are not your own, such as paraphrased sources (again check the Chicago-Turabian guide for more detailed information). Double check all footnotes or endnotes assure that they are correctly formatted. Ensure that you use the correct double spacing without additional space added between lines or paragraphs. Choose a readable font at a reasonable size, such as 12 point. Also number all your pages. Images should be placed at the end of the paper, before your bibliography, and should be numbered (figure 1, figure 2, etc.). They should be referenced in the paper by their number where appropriate, and should also have a brief caption along with the source of the image. Finally, be sure to include a properly formatted title page as well.
Note on Titles: Titles are a great way to get creative with your paper and to hook readers. You can have an interesting main title for your paper supplemented by a more detailed, topic specific subtitle set off by a colon. An example—From Wallowing in Filth to Promenading in Splendor: Baron Haussmann’s Revitalization of Paris
When proofreading your paper, ask yourself:
• Have I checked my spelling? Are all the words I use the correct words?
• Are my sentences and paragraphs correctly formatted?
• Am I repeating similar words excessively?
• Have I correctly noted all my sources?
• Are my notes, bibliography, and images correctly formatted?
• Do I have an interesting but relevant title?
Here are some addition questions to ask yourself about your paper to ensure it is successful:
-Does the introduction engage the reader?
-Does the introduction include a thesis statement and give an idea of the organization for the paper?
-Is the thesis statement clear and does it include the major point that serves as the focus of the paper?
-Do the body paragraphs substantiate the thesis statement? To ensure that they do, ask “Why am I including this discussion?” about each paragraph.
-Does the conclusion refer back to the text you have written in order to delineate what you have done to prove your thesis?
-Are there sufficient images to illustrate the points you make?
-Is the paper grammatically correct? Is it devoid of spelling errors? Does it avoid repetition in terms of word choice?
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