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Substance abuse is one of the problems that concern every member of the society regardless of the demographic background such as the age, gender, ethnicity and the status in the society. In relation to this notion, it is important to consider the state of the research and knowledge generated in relation to the substance abuse and the treatments undertaken. Another area covered by the study is the social dynamics relating to the different factors correlated to the types and effect of the substances subject for abuse and addiction; and even the actions and hindrances encountered by the process of treatment. Five articles were reviewed on the basis of the said notions.
Introduction
Substance abuse can be considered as one of the issues in the society that require immediate attention by the public and the authorities due to the fact that the escalation of the problem can affect different aspects of life at the same time can lead to addiction. The problem can be considered as an immediate concern due to the fact that the youth are the most common victim of the prevalence of the different object of addiction. The problem of substance abuse constitutes different type of objects which includes alcohol and drugs as the most common abused substances. In terms of the treatment undertaken as an action towards the substance abuse, the harm-reduction and prohibition are the two techniques used to control the problem of the society related to the issue (Freeman, 2001; Rapid Detox, 2004)
In the study that was conducted, the main goal is to assess major contributions related to the study on the substance abuse of different types and the possible treatments related to the problem.
Article 1: Gender, occupational, and socioeconomic correlates of alcohol and drug abuse among U.S. rural, metropolitan, and urban residents by Diala (2004):
a. Topic of the paper is the effects of alcohol and drug abuse which is the main topic of the paper. It was aimed to give a description on the effects in relation to the rural, metropolitan and urban residents.
b. Research question deals with the relationship of the different demographic characteristic and correlation variables in substance abuse e.g. alcohol and drug.
c. Variables include the correlates of alcohol and drug abuse in the rural, metropolitan, and urban residents.
d. Methodology: The study was based on the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS), specifically focused on the lifetime risk of alcohol and drug abuse such as cannabis, cocaine, and opiates. The main objective is to be able to present the disorders that can be attributed to the use of the different substances through an NCS interview. The result of the study was established through the classification and social stratification variables such as race, gender and personal backgrounds such as the income and occupation due to the conceived relationship of with the factors under study.
e. Results of the study of the study revealed important results in relation to the characteristics of the population. On the basis of the location, there is no evident difference in the substance abusers in the rural and urban areas. Based on the gender differences of the occurrence of disorders, there is no evident difference in the rural male and female population. In relation to the occupation background people that are involved in sales and service occupations are prone to substance abuse. Income has no significant effect on the substance abuse due to the fact that it can occur in any location and demographic characteristic. On the other hand, it has effect on the treatment process higher income can be related to higher access to treatment
f. Conclusions: On the basis of the aim of the study to present the relationship of the different characteristics of the population to the occurrence of substance abuse, it can be surmised that the aims were met. Although this is the case, a more specific study that covers a comparatively narrow area of study can be recommended.
Article 2: Searching for universals: preliminary evidence for the validity of substance abuse subtypes in a sample of Mexican American youths by Pena (2003):
a. Topic of the paper is the different type of substance abuse specifically in the main focus Mexican American youths.
b. Research question: To have a comparative analysis between the Mexican American and Mexican descent, to establish as being affected and experienced substance abuse. The research was aimed to establish patterns in the determination of the validity of the different subtypes of population in the Mexican American youth.
c. Variables are related to genetic and neurobiological factors such as the risk factors to substance abuse, psychopathological parameters and the level of abuse. These are the factors measured within the sample space.
d. Methodology: The experimentation occurs to study the 5 different substances that are subject to addiction and abuse through different stages of methodology such as the demography and family information, Social Scale in Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory (MAPI), Impulse Control measure, and psychopathology in conduct disorder or psychiatric severity. The substances that were studied are polydrug, tobacco, alcohol and other drugs
e. Results: There is a significant difference between the effects on the two lines on the basis of the disorders.
f. Conclusions: This can be surmised to have met the objective of the study. The recommendation for a more expounded study that includes a wider form of variables can be considered true due to the fact that it is the generalization and establishment of the exclusiveness of the two groups that is the main goal.
Article 3: Spontaneous Remission from Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Abuse: Seeking Quantitative Answers to Qualitative Questions by Walters (2000):
a. Topic of the paper: To present a view on the spontaneous remission of substances for abuse through specific point of view, the synergy of qualitative and quantitative approaches.
b. Research question: In relation to the treatment of substance abuse, one of the issues that had attracts the attention of research groups is the spontaneous remission. This is due to the fact that it can affect treatment process in a particular patient. The significance of the remission is the focus of the research.
c. Variables that are related to spontaneous remission and natural recovery from substance abuse, thus, factors of frequency.
d. Methodology: The research covers substance abusers that were studied for spontaneous remission classified on the basis of being self-remitting, treatment-remitting and non-remitting.
e. Results: The results of the study revealed a relationship in the occurrence of spontaneous remission which can be used to assist in the treatment process. A significant percentage of spontaneous emissions both on the two set-ups were observed which can be related to the high occurrence of the event in different cases (Walters, 2000).
f. Conclusions: the objective of the research process in presenting the relationship was met through the presentation of supporting studies related to the issue.
Article 4: Strength in Numbers: The ARISE Method for Mobilizing Family and Network to Engage Substance Abusers in Treatment by Landau (2000)
a. Topic of the paper: An article based on the move made by the society toward the treatment of substance abuse is through mobilization of the community starting from the family unit through the immediate community to be able to convince a patient to undergo treatment.
b. Research question: The research process deals with the feasibility and effectiveness of ARISE for family mobilization.
c. Variables: The level of success in operation through the different cases presented.
d. Methodology: The method was called ARISE which is aimed to help the substance abusers. The study was conducted through case studies on the effectiveness of the procedure upon application in real situations. The study focused on the relationship of the ARISE model specifically in laws and ethical considerations.
e. Results: Results of the study revealed that ARISE can reduce the tension and the disgrace that can be encountered by the family in the treatment process because they are integrated in the treatment process. The study presented the data that answered their objectives but it must be taken into consideration that the ARISE method only presents the pretreatment procedure. The patients still needed to be treated professionally.
f. Conclusions: Important application of the ARISE process were presented, thus, opening a new avenue for application of the technique to aid research and solution of issues in substance abuse.
Article 5: Labor Force Participation in a Sample of Substance Users by Atkinson (2000)
a. Topic of the paper: To determine the effects of substance abuse specifically on the performance of jobs.
b. Research question: The study focused on the male and female population, part of the workforce which is involved substance abuse.
c. Variables: The level and possibility of substance use or abuse and the frequency in relation to the different demographic background such as type of work and age group.
d. Methodology: The study was conducted through the survey process to be able to determine the intake of substances such as alcohol.
e. Results: Conclusions on the trend of jobs most commonly subject to abuse and the effects of such intake were discussed. Some of the included results are: comparatively higher abuse in people not in the labor force, in women, higher substance abuse occurs in working women
f. Conclusions: The result of the study presents the possible connection of substance abuse in the trends and performance of the members of the workforce. The objectives of the study were also met, in terms of the determination of the patterns and trends that can help achieve treatment in the working population.
Conclusion
Based on the study of different articles that describes the substance abuse and the status and achievement of treatment, certain concepts were determined. One of the major concepts is the spread and the global inclusiveness of the problem on substance abuse. Thus, it is important for the members of the community to work against the particular social problem. It can affect every age, gender and social status. Another concept learned is the difference that that participation and the advocacy of the different sectors can make in the attainment of treatment for the victims which is important to be able to prevent escalation of the problem in cases such as in the workplace. Attention and action is required in the problem of substance abuse due to the fact that most of the problems of the society can be related and regressed toward the abuse of different substances such as alcohol and drugs.
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