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Content
Research Question
Is Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) a social problem in the society? n
Cronbach’s Alpha
This week, you have learned about how to use Cronbach’s alpha as a measure of scale reliability. In this
Application, you will calculate Cronbach’s alpha for provided data.
To prepare for this Application:
� Review pp. 706�711 of the Field text for a description of using Cronbach’s alpha to measure scale reliability.
� Review Chapter 5 from the APA manual, “Displaying Results.”
The assignment:
Calculate Cronbach’s alpha on the scale provided on pp. 710-711 of the Field text using the SAQ.sav file.
Report your findings in APA format according to the guidelines in the IBM SPSS Statistics Application Assignment
Guidelines handout. The final document should be 2�3 pages long.
Week 11
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Objectives
Week 11: Principles of Scale Analysis
Introduction
For the past several weeks, the common thread has been data analysis: What statistical test is most appropriate
for answering a given research question? But just as important is this question: “Where do researchers get the
data?” Chemists and biologists obtain data through observation. Social scientists also obtain data from
observation; however, they can either directly observe and count behavior, or they can ask people to respond to
questions asking about their behavior. Generally, the latter option takes the form of a questionnaire that has
one or more scales.
This week, you will learn the basic principles of scale development, review concepts of validity and reliability,
and assess statistical reliability of a scale.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this week, you will be able to (for Cronbach’s alpha):
� State underlying assumptions
� Determine whether assumptions have been met
� Propose alternatives if assumptions are not met
� State null and alternative hypotheses
� Analyze data
Report results in APA format
� Recommend a reliability test appropriate for your study (Cronbach’s alpha, test-retest, continuous or
discriminate reliability)
� Calculate Cronbach’s alpha and describe the factors that affect its magnitude
� Design a research proposal.
Required Resources
� Course Text: Research Methods in the Social Sciences
o Chapter 11, “Questionnaire Construction”
o Chapter 18, “Index Construction and Scaling Methods”
In Chapter 11, you will learn how to construct a questionnaire, including content, types, sequence, and format of
questions and avoiding bias. In Chapter 18, you will learn about index construction and scaling methods.
� Course Text: Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS
o Chapter 17, “Exploratory Factor Analysis” (pp. 665�719)
This excerpt from Chapter 17 explains how to conduct a reliability analysis on SPSS using Cronbach’s alpha
� Website: Trochim, W. M. K. (2006). Scaling. Retrieved from https://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/scaling.php
This website provides a definition and an overview of scaling, including equal-appearing interval scaling,
“summative” scaling, and “cumulative” scaling.
� Website: Buchner, A., Faul, F., & Erdfelder, E. (n.d.) G*Power. Retrieved January 29, 2010, from
https://www.psycho.uni-duesseldorf.de/aap/projects/gpower/
The G*Power website explains the purpose and features of G*Power and allows users to download the program.
� Handout: Statistics Application Evaluation Criteria (Word document)
This handout will guide you in completing and submitting your Cronbach’s alpha Application Assignment for this
week.
� Handout: Final Project Evaluation Criteria (Word document)
This handout provides a grading rubric for your research study proposal Final Project.
� Software: IBM SPSS Statistics Standard GradPack (current version). Available in Windows and Macintosh versions.
Please refer to the IBM SPSS Software area on the left navigation bar for more information on how to install,
register, and license this software.
You will use this software to complete the Application Assignment for this week.
Research Toolkit
Research Design
� Website: Web Center for Social Research Methods
https://www.socialresearchmethods.net
This website is for people involved in applied social research and evaluation. You will find several resources
and links to other locations on the web that deal in applied social research methods.
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