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According to Nicholas Higham, in Historia Regum Britanniae, Geoffrey of Monmouth presents Arthur as the quintessential twelfth-century king, writ large. (p. 225) Geoffrey is the first to present the entire story of Arthur with all the elements we know today plus he was able to blend myth and history so that he could present his work as an entirely historical piece. To understand Higham’s statement you will have to look at the twelfth century in general and the twelfth century in England. The twelfth century throughout western and northern Europe was a period of change and growth. Often called the Twelfth-Century Renaissance, it profited from better agricultural practices and the consequent population growth, exposure to the east through the Crusades, and a general blossoming of commerce, literature, and learning as well as the strengthening of central governments both secular and ecclesiastical. In England, the twelfth century began with the reign of Henry I (1100-1135), son of William the Conqueror, who firmly established Anglo-Norman rule, established good relations with the Church, and made administrative and legal reforms. Henry I was followed by a brutal civil war that lasted from 1135-1154 after which Henry II (1154-1189) took charge. Since the Norman Conquest, English kings had controlled lands in France. Henry brought with him additional French lands he inherited from his father and, through his marriage to Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine, England acquired the largest and wealthiest province in what is now southern France. Henry I wanted to restore the prosperous rule of Henry I and made many reforms of his own. He was followed by the last king in this century, Richard I, the Lion Heart (1189-1199), whose only interest was fighting and the Crusade. He spent very little time in England and nearly bankrupted the country to pay for his wars.
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