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What does the term the Dark Ages mean?
the “dark ages” were the medieval times.
They called them the dark ages because they believed that people were “in the darkness” at the time. They believed that because before them Europe went from having absolute leaders in countried to adopting the Roman law system (people followin laws and regulations rather than being punished by the whims of their leaders), and in some parts, (like Greece) democracy, but back during the “dark-ages” people reverted back to the old way of running things in Europe.
The expression “dark ages” came into common use in the late 17th/early 18th century among Enlightenment writers. Excited by new developments in science and philosophy, they were convinced that they were much superior to their ancestors and started using the self-congratulatory term to deride an era that they found less glitzy than ancient Greece and Rome, but couldn’t really be bothered to study or understand. It is sometimes used for the whole the Middle Ages from 500-1500 or, more often, for the early Middle Ages from 500-1000 AD. Medieval historians no longer use the term among themselves, as it has exactly zero usefulness, but it seems impossible to kill in popular culture.
In what ways were the Dark Ages dark?
When the Western Roman Empire came apart at the seams, there were some major changes. There was no longer a massive central bureaucracy to work for, so fewer career opportunities that required an elaborate rhetorical education. Literacy and education decreased, and became the provinces of some private noble circles and the Christian Church. Cities also became smaller, as they had been more administrative centers than economic ones under the Romans and weren’t sustainable without Roman tax revenues. There also seems to have been decline in agricultural productivity and population, probably due to climate change. These are the developments that give some credence to the notion of a “dark” age.
In what ways was this society inadvertently preparing to emerge in modernity through the preservation of classical literature and scripture?
Recent studies have shown that education, literacy, and even trade and urban life didn’t drop as drastically as used to be thought. People certainly didn’t turn into these thick-headed cavemen hitting each other with clubs. Education and literacy became more and more restricted to the clergy, but Christianity itself was spreading and produced notable writers and intellectuals in places where the Roman system really hadn’t. There was warfare, of course, but it’s not like that was anything new either.
What particular impact did Ireland have in the world that would emerge from the Dark Ages?
During the period of European history often called the Dark Ages which followed the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, Church scholars and missionaries played a vital role in preserving knowledge of Classical Learning. While the Roman Empire and Christian religion survived in an increasingly Hellenised form in the Byzantine Empire centred at Constantinople in the East, Western civilization suffered a collapse of literacy and organization following the fall of Rome in 476AD. Monks sought refuge at the far fringes of the known world: like Cornwall, Ireland, or the Hebrides. Disciplined Christian scholarship carried on in isolated outposts like Skellig Michael in Ireland, where literate monks became some of the last preservers in Western Europe of the poetic, scientific and philosophical works of Western antiquity.[3] Thomas Cahill, in his 1995 book How the Irish Saved Civilization, credited Irish Monks with having “saved” Western Civilization during this period and the period of the Hiberno-Scottish mission [4]
Consider the literature produced in early Old English, a Germanic language with a Celtic imagination, expressed in Arthurian legend.
What do these breathtaking legends of knights and honor have to do with our modern sense of ethics? What is the chivalric code?
Chivalry is associated to the institution of knighthood prevalent in the Middle Ages. The Knights of Medieval Europe were governed by an ethical code having primary virtues such as honor, humility, sacrifice, courage, faithfulness, God-fearing, showing mercy towards the poor and weak, and being gracious and courteous towards ladies.
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