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I need to complete a nursing research project that examines the relationship between using visual cues used by nurses in prevention of pressure ulcers and falls in patients. I have completed the first part which I will provide as a guide. I need to complete chapter3. The instructions will be below. The project is done at a hospital setting on a medical surgical unit. Basically we will be implementing visual cues and observing how it will improve the outcomes of preventing falls and pressure ulcers in patients.
Chapter III
The Method
Chapter III – The Method is centered and begins on a new page. This chapter serves at least two purposes: (1) it provides enough information to permit replication of the study, and (2) it permits the reader to evaluate the results in terms of the adequacy of the methodology. This chapter must include the following subheadings:
Sample/Setting: Describe the population from which the sample will be drawn and the setting for the research, the method of sample selection, the rationale for the sampling design, and the sample size. Provide the basic characteristics of the participants, such as their age, gender and other relevant attributes.
Design: Describe in details the specific design that will be adopted and offer a rationale for its use.
Instrument: Describe all instruments used to measure study variables. Include reliability, validity, scoring procedures and guidelines for interpretation. A copy of the instruments must be included in the appendix. Permission to use copy-righted instruments must be obtained from the authors, and letters documenting that permission has been obtained are included in the appendices.
Data Collection Procedure: Describe in chronological order who will do what, when and how. Be specific enough to clearly describe how the data will be collected. This means a step by step “recipe” for how you will collect your data including protection of human rights. If more than one person will participate in data collection, describe the training of data collectors to ensure consistency. Remember the focus of this chapter is on what you will do rather than what you will find.
Writing the Research proposal
The Method Section
What belongs in the Methods Section?
The design describes the plan for answering the research questions or testing the study hypotheses. It outlines the fundamental strategies used by the researcher. Therefore, the design is one of the most important elements of the proposal.
The sample allows the researcher to gain information about a small group that may be generalized to a larger group. The sample must be representative of the larger group to achieve meaningful results. The sample selection should also include the size of the sample and describe the methods used to recruit subjects.
The setting should describe the type of area from which the subjects will be recruited (hospital, clinic, community) and include other descriptors, such as location that will help with generalization of the sample.
The instruments section should describe each instrument to be used in the study. The type of the instrument, the number of items, how they are measured or scored and subscales to measure special domains or concepts, how long it takes to complete the instrument, the developer of the instrument, previous use of the instrument, and the reliability and validity of the instrument, are usually included in the description. In other words, include a description of the psychometric properties of all instruments. Describe plans to modify an instrument or use it in a way that is different from the way it is intended to be used. Describe how all instruments will be scored. You must find out whether you need to obtain permission or a licensing agreement to use published instruments. If you plan to use an instrument that is not published or that you have developed your own, you should address how will you test the instrument in the context of your study. All data collection forms used to obtain information about demographic variables, social or health history must be included in the appendix of the proposal.
The procedure outlines what exactly will be done in the study (e.g. how the subjects are contacted and informed consent obtained. What is entailed in the participation of each subject and when, and how the instruments will be used in the study)? The more detail that you provide, the easier it is for reviewers to appraise the scientific merit of your study, appropriateness of your procedures, concerns over safety and confidentiality, and burden to the subjects. Detail every step of your study, including interventions or treatments that you plan to implement, all encounters with study participants, and what is expected of subjects during those sessions or visits.
How do I describe the sample? Populations are diverse, whereas research questions are often specific. Therefore, you should clearly define who is eligible to participate in your study. Start by describing demographic variables and whether you are interested in sampling subjects based on age gender, race, ethnicity, educational level, or social variables. If there are no restrictions on these variables, simply say so. However, you probably need to establish age limits for the sample. If you plan to pre-select subjects, excluding or including them based on race or ethnicity, you may need to justify the reasons for doing so. You can organize your discussion of sample characteristics by listing inclusion and exclusion criteria and address the following information. Number of subjects for the study. The number of subjects is usually determined by the study questions, research design, and number of dependent variables. Provide justification of the sample size either by a power analysis or calculation based on previous studies. Seek help in conducting a power analysis to ensure that the proposed number of subjects will provide adequate statistical power to detect differences between groups or to find statistical differences between other variables. Age range of populations of interest: If subjects are excluded based on their age, you should explain why they are not eligible. Gender, race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status: Specify whether any of these variables will influence subject selection and provide a rationale. Factors dependent on participation and completion of the study: Your study depends on the ability of the subjects to participate; list all the necessary attributes, characteristics, and situations that must be present in your sample. For example, subjects must be able to understand and read English if they are to complete a questionnaire written in English. For repeated measurements, you must have access to subjects; they must be available for follow-up visits, accessible at home or by phone, or willing to complete and return mailed information. Condition of subjects: will subjects be healthy volunteers or have a specific illness, disease or condition? If the latter is the case, you must provide criteria for determining subject eligibility (e.g., known diagnosis documented in the medical record; diagnostic criteria; degree of severity of illness, disease or condition status). If your study targets subjects during a phase of their illness or treatment, explain why it is necessary to exclude other subjects or limit confounding variables that may have an effect on your dependent variables.
How do I describe recruitment strategies? You should describe your plans for subject recruitment by including the following information: • How do you plan to identify eligible subjects for your study? For example, do you plan to use a mailing list, outpatient clinic schedule, diagnostic or procedure codes, an advertisemt or another method to recruit subjects? Will you rely on health professionals to identify eligible subjects? • How will you approach subjects for permission to participate? Will you ask the patient’s physician for permission before you review medical records and approach patients? Or will you approach patients in the waiting area. • Who will be recruiting subjects? Persons recruiting subjects must be identified along with assurance that they will be properly trained to obtain informed consent and execute all study procedures. • Duration of the study: The exact dates from initial subject recruitment to the completion of the study must be provided.
What should I include about human subjects protection? Obtain your institution’s guidelines for human subject protection and the application for your institutional review board (IRB), which provide a template for addressing all pertinent information for protecting human subjects. Complete the forms and include them in your appendix. Guidelines vary among institutions, but most provide explicit terminology to guide proposal writing.
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