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1.In his “Oration on the Dignity of Man” (1486), the Italian humanist Pico della Mirandola ascribes the following words to God in addressing the human being:
“Thou, constrained by no limits, in accordance with thine own free will, in whose hand We have placed thee, shalt ordain for thyself the limits of thy nature. We have set thee at the world’s center that thou mayest from thence more easily observe whatever is in the world. We have made thee neither of heaven nor of earth, neither mortal nor immortal, so that with freedom of choice and with honor, as though the maker and molder of thyself, thou mayest fashion thyself in whatever shape thou shalt prefer.”
To what extent do our other Renaissance readings either support or reject the perspectives of free will described by Pico della Mirandola? In an organized and concise essay, discuss the role of free will in at least three (3) of the following authors: Bud?, Machiavelli, Castiglione, and Franco, paying particular attention to specific textual examples to support your argument.
2.In The Book of the Courtier, book IV, p. 335, one of the characters in the conversation replies to a previous comment:
?You mustn?t go beyond the bounds, signor Morello; nor indeed does a woman grant just a token of affection when she gives her lover her beauty, which is precious to her, and along the paths into her soul, namely, sight and hearing, sends the glances of her eyes, the image of her face, her voice and her words, which penetrate her lover?s heart and convey the proof of her love.?
What role is played by physical beauty and physical presence in the Renaissance conception of love? Examine carefully the meaning of the above quotation within the larger context of Castiglione?s discussion about love and compare Castiglione?s views on physical beauty and physical presence with the ones expressed by at least three (3) of the following authors: Petrarch, Ficino, Stampa, and Franco. Pay particular attention to specific textual examples to support your argument.
When writing your exam, follow the instructions below:
The short essay is meant to be critical and expository, not a research paper. No additional readings besides those studied in class are required. Your knowledge of the readings assigned in class is however a fundamental component of the evaluation of your essay. We will look closely at the way you chose the passages from the readings you want to focus on. We will check if you understand the meaning of those passages within their original context. We will pay attention to the role you assign to those fragments in your way of understanding the thought and the writing of the author you study. Your assertions should be supported with examples drawn from the texts written by the authors specified in the question you have chosen. Those examples can be quoted or simply referred to in footnotes which should be formulated in a way which is easy to understand and consistent throughout your paper. When quoting of referring to the text do not forget to mention the page/chapter number of the reading.
Be critical, by which we mean that the focus here is to answer the question from the point of view of the authors you studied in the unit. In other words, your argument should not be formulated from a 21st century point of view (e.g. ?I think that Renaissance poetry is beautiful because it is full of emotions?); rather, it should try to convey the point of view of the authors under investigation (e.g. ?Renaissance poetry seeks to be beautiful by imitating poems written by Ancient writers?).
Be expository, by which we mean that your writing should be clear and direct. Avoid any vague and general statements which do not stem directly from your analysis of the texts.
Coherence is very important for making your argument persuasive. The paragraphs of the body of your essay should be clearly structured and logically linked together. Your introduction should be engaging and interesting. Your conclusion should be informative, without being merely repetitive.
SOURCES (please only use the source provided below with correct citation) : Guillaume Bud?:
The Study of Letters. Principles for Just and Good Instruction
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