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This paper focuses on drugs? relationship to other crimes such as murder, robbery, theft, fraud, vandalism, and harassment. There are three broad ways such crimes and drugs are connected: if they (1) cause a mental or physical state conducive to lawbreaking, which is called the ?psychopharmacological effect?; (2) lead to a perceived need that results in the motivation to obtain them, which is called the ?economic compulsive effect?; or (3) are outlawed & thereby decrease people?s access to law enforcement and, in turn, increase their rate & seriousness of victimization & retaliation, which is called the ?systemic effect.?
For this project, students are expected to demonstrate they have accomplished two tasks: (1) Understand what are the three drugs-crime relationships. (2) Have knowledge of what previous research says about these three relationships.
All of the readings below need to be integrated into your final paper by discussing their findings as relates to each drugs-crime relationship (psychopharmacological; economic compulsive; and systemic). Note that not all of the articles will have relevance to all three of the relationships (e.g., it might just discuss psychopharmacological or systemic effects but not both).
I have broken these articles into the categories for which they are most relevant, but note that some articles are of relevance to the entire paper. How you make use of each article is somewhat up to your discretion, but it is important to demonstrate that you have read, understood, and made use of all of them in outlining and writing your paper. You will write a paper that demonstrates you (1) understand what the three drugs-crime relationships are, and, (2) have knowledge of what previous research says about these three relationships. The paper should be about 15 to 25 pages in length. Use the formatting of the journal Criminology, which is found at the link directly below. The paper should also have a cover page that includes the title of your paper and name.
In Part I of the paper, you will define and give examples of the three drugs-crime relationship.
In Part II, you will summarize what prior research tells us about them.
In Part III, you will suggest ways to reduce the amount of crime that results from psychopharmacological, economic compulsive, or systemic effects.
This last part requires you to be creative and, to a degree, come up with your own ideas. The goal should be to reduce crimes such as violence and theft that are related to drugs.
Make your paper should discusses not only violence but also other crimes such as theft (e.g., burglary and shoplifting), fraud, and vandalism.
The paper should have the following organization.
1. Introduction:
? What are the different kinds of drugs-crime relationship?
o What are examples of each drugs-crime relationship?
2. Prior Research:
? What does prior research tell us about each of the drugs-crime relationships?
o Does any of the drugs-crime relationships (psychopharmacological, economic compulsive, or systemic) seem to have a bigger effect than others?
o Which drugs (including alcohol) have the biggest effect? For example, does alcohol cause more crime than marijuana or vice versa?
3. Summary &Policy implications:
? Summarize (1) what the 3 drugs-crime relationships are, and (2) what prior research tells us about them.
? Based on your findings, what are the implications of your findings for reducing each kind of drugs-crime relationship?
What are the 3 drugs-crime relationships?
Goldstein, P. J. 1985. The drugs/violence nexus: A tripartite conceptual framework. Journal of Drug Issues 15: 493?506.
This is the most important article because it outlines what are the three drugs-crime relationships. Although this article only focuses on violence, your paper should also discuss non-violent crimes as well such as theft (e.g., burglary and shoplifting), fraud, and vandalism, see paper directly below.
MacCoun, R., B. Kilmer, & P. Reuter. 2003. Research on drugs-Crime linkages: The next generation. In Toward a drugs & crime research agenda for the 21st century. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice Special Report.
The psychopharmacological effect
Parker, R. N. & K. Auerhahn. 1998. Alcohol, drugs, & violence. Annual Review of Sociology 24:291?311.
Felson, R. B., B. Teasdale, & K. B. Burchfield. 2008. The influence of being under the influence: Alcohol effects on adolescent violence. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency 45:119?141.
White, H. R., P. C. Tice, R. Loeber, & M. Stouthamer-Loeber. 2002. Illegal acts committed by adolescents under the influence of alcohol & drugs. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency 39:131?152.
Felson, R. B., & K. Burchfield. 2004. Alcohol & the risk of physical & sexual assault victimization. Criminology 42:837?859.
Mustaine, E. E., & R Tewksbury. 1998. Specifying the role of alcohol in predatory victimization. Deviant Behavior 19:173-199.
The economic compulsive effect
Ball, J. C., J. W. Shaffer, & D. N. Nurco. 1983. The day-to-day criminality of heroin addicts in Baltimore?A study in the continuity of offence rates. Drug & Alcohol Dependence 12:119-142.
Lasnier, B., S. Brochu, N. Boyd, & B. Fisher. 2010. A heroin prescription trial: Case studies from Montreal & Vancouver on crime & disorder in the surrounding neighborhoods. International Journal of Drug Policy 21:28-35.
Nurco, D. N., I. H. Cisin, J. C. Ball. 1985. Crime as a source of income for narcotic addicts. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2:113-115.
Nurco, D. N., T Kinlock, & M. B. Balter. 1993. The severity of predaddiction criminal behavior among urban, male narcotic addicts & two nonaddicted control groups. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency 20:293-316.
The systemic effect
International Centre for Science in Drug Policy. 2010. Effect of Drug Law Enforcement on Drug-Related Violence: Evidence from a Scientific Review. Vancouver, Canada: International Centre for Science in Drug Policy.
Jacques, S., and R. Wright. 2008. The Relevance of Peace to Studies of Drug Market Violence. Criminology 46(1):221?253.
Jensen, G. F. 2000. Prohibition, alcohol, & murder: Untangling countervailing mechanisms. Homicide Studies 4:18?36.
Levitt, S., & S. A. Venkatesh. 2000. An economic analysis of a drug-selling gang?s finances. Quarterly Journal o f Economics 115:755-789.
Stevens, A., & D. Bewley-Taylor (with contributions from P. Dreyfus). 2009. Drug markets & urban violence: Can tackling one reduce the other? Beckley, UK: Beckley Foundation.
Please look at the attached references online and add them into the paper. I have attached the directions for the paper as well.
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