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Chapter 1 introduces you to some of the essential spatial concepts of geography, including location and time on Earth, map scale, remote sensing, and geographic information systems (GIS). An essential for geographic science is an internationally accepted, coordinated grid system to determine location on Earth. The terms latitude and longitude were in use on maps as early as the first century A.D., with the concepts themselves dating back to Eratosthenes and others.
Coordination of international trade, airline schedules, business and agricultural activities, and daily living depends on a worldwide time system. Today, we take for granted standard time zones and an agreed-upon prime meridian but such a standard is a relatively recent development.
A map is a generalized view of an area, usually some portion of Earth?s surface, as seen from above at a greatly reduced size and detail. Although Google EarthTM is not a map in the traditional sense, it meets these criteria. The key difference between Google EarthTM and a traditional map is that maps are projected, or transformed from the spherical surface of Earth to the flat surface of the map.
Another key feature of maps is their scale, or the ratio of distance on the map to distance on the ground. Cartographers have traditionally had to choose the projection that minimized distortion for their map, as well as the appropriate scale and level of detail for their map. Google EarthTM avoids these potential problems by presenting data and imagery draped over a spherical surface with dynamically changing levels of detail and scale. Layers are loaded in increasing levels of detail as you zoom in and replaced with more generalized layers as you zoom out.
Geographers probe, analyze, and map our home planet through remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). These technologies enhance our understanding of Earth. Geographers use remote-sensing data to study? among many subjects?humid and arid lands, natural and economic vegetation, snow and ice, Earth energy budgets, seasonal variation of atmospheric and oceanic circulation, sea-level measurements, atmospheric chemistry, weather, geologic features and events, changes in the timing of seasons, and the human activities that produce global change.
This exercise will introduce you to latitude, longitude, and time on Earth. It will also introduce you to remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) methodology. After completing these exercises, you should be able to:
Explain Earth?s reference grid: latitude and longitude and latitudinal geographic zones and time.
Define cartography and mapping basics: map scale and map projections.
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