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What you did (in brief).
Generally what do the results show? (ref. affect of exercise on heart rate / blood pressure (including specific values).
Do the results support your hypothesis?
Were the results consistent throughout? (if not ref. technical error).
Introduction
Must be fully referenced
Short term effects of exercise on human physiology including reference to;
Stroke volume / cardiac output
Nervous control of heart beat = increased heart rate
= increased volume of blood returning to the heart (venous return) stretches cardiac muscle. Therefore muscle contracts more forcefully = increased stroke volume. This may therefore increase systolic blood pressure.
Breathing (nervous control)
Hormonal control (release of adrenaline)
Two of the body’s responses to exercise are therefore an increase in heart rate (cardiac out put increases) and an increase in systolic blood pressure. Both of theses responses can be measured and recorded. Therefore in this investigation…………… (brief description of what will be done with mention of; how blood pressure / heart rate can be taken, the subjects and the exercise)
Reference to importance of formulating a questionnaire
Hypothesis
2 needed
Variables
Independent V = Length of time exercise is performed
Dependent V = Change in heart rate / blood pressure that is recorded
Controlled V = Stepper at a set level (stated). Why?
= Same apparatus used throughout
= Intensity of exercise controlled. How?
= Same conditions e.g. time of day, temperature, clothing
Health and safety
You must take into consideration the health and safety issues associated with the investigation.
Materials and methods
Full list of materials used to include the blood pressure meter / heart rate meter model type and manufacturers error.
Full description of the method used with justification of the steps used to acquire data. Methods should be in an appropriate sequence and style.
Results and discussion
Calculations to include;
Percentage changes in HR, BP and/or BR (explain why you are using this data)
Calculation of means (averages) for whole group data (all subjects considered together)
Possible additional calculations to include;
Heart rate / systolic blood pressure values taking into consideration the inherent error of the apparatus used (note. Heart rate meter with manufacturer’s error +/- 5 %, Blood pressure monitor with manufacturer’s error +/- 3 mm Hg).
Standard deviation and/or standard error
Consideration of T-test (to prove / disprove hypothesis).
Tables / graphs
Tables must be presented appropriately with units in column headings only
Graphs must have appropriately labelled axis and points must be plotted accurately if line graphs are used.
Tables and graphs must be given a clear title.
Legends may be used to explain trends in the tables / graphs
All raw data (including calculations and any additional graphs / Tables) must be present in your appendix.
Discussion of results
The results must be discussed with direct reference to the values obtained (i.e. average heart rate and systolic blood pressure values).
The results must be discussed and justified with direct reference to background information on the effects of exercise on human physiology.
Include references were relevant.
Comment on the overall findings. Were they as expected and do they support the hypothesis formulated.
Was the procedure used in the investigation suitable- refer to the accuracy of results and the appearance of anomalous results.
What are the limitations in the investigative technique and how could these have resulted in errors. Consideration could be;
using the apparatus (inexperience in operation)
Accuracy of the apparatus (instrument error)
Were the conditions kept constant? (ref. Temp, same room used, clothing)
Was the stepper appropriate? Could it have been made higher? What effect would this have had?
Resting heart rate can change even before the start of physical activity due to adrenaline release.
Subjects knew that they were about to partake in exercise. Therefore heart rate at rest could have been taken at a longer period of time before exercise.
You need to refer to sampling. Were there enough participants used to obtain truly valid data. Remember that studies researching the effects of a parameter on human physiology usually involve the use of hundreds or even thousands of participants. In addition the study will normally concentrate of participants within a specific group (e.g. smokers / non-smokers, a specific age range, or a particular level of fitness).
Suggest reasons for anomalous results (e.g. faulty apparatus, inexperience in using the apparatus, plus consideration of uncontrollable variables such as diet, fitness, smoking, difficulty in controlling intensity).
Suggested improvements to include the following;
Different durations of exercise (e.g. 5 mins). Why?
More subjects. Why?
More repeats. Why?
Use of a metronome to control exercise intensity
Use of bikes or a tread mill instead of a stepper. Why?
Using alternative methods for recording heart rate / blood pressure e.g. manual method
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