Category: Paper

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The Research Paper will be worth 12% of your final course grade. The topic of the research paper will be any disease or condition of the body. The paper must include a thorough description of the disease/condition; current statistics of those affected; explanations on how the various body systems are affected; and any medications/treatments that are available, if any. The paper should be complete and the main body should be 1000-1500 words in length (excluding cover page, references, etc.).

Research Paper Guidelines
� Utilize APA Style format and references. See the Owl at Purdue site for help with APA formatting principles:

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
� Utilize at least five references (two of which must be from credible scientific organizations). You can use Internet articles, journals, text books, etc. In fact, I strongly recommend that you utilize the APUS Online Library for your research as they offer a plethora of reliable and pertinent research sources. You may access the Online Library by clicking on the �Online Library� link on the menu inside the electronic classroom. However, you should NEVER use Wikipedia for your research as anyone can alter the information on

this site making it a poor source of accurate information.
� Paper must be typed in MS Word. **PLEASE NOTE that you must submit your assignments as a �Microsoft Word� document rather than a Word

Pad, Works, etc. type of document, otherwise you will not receive credit for your work.
� Utilize one inch margins on all sides.
� Double-space your paper.
� Use either an Arial or Times New Roman font in a 10 or 12 point font.
� Include a cover page, an abstract, page headers, in-text citations, and a reference page.
� Submit a high-quality paper, free of spelling and grammatical errors; use your Spelling and Grammar checker in Word AND proofread

your final draft!!!
� Should be written in your own words; answers should not be copied from other sources – see section on plagiarism. Properly formatted

in- text citations and references are required as noted above.

Students will be graded on format, content, and grammar using the SCIN132 Research Paper Grade Sheet.

**Evaluation/Grading of the Research Paper: Points are allocated as follows (Total of 100 points):

A. Content/Subject Knowledge and Analysis – (65 points possible). Your paper should be pertinent to the subject matter and demonstrate

knowledge and understanding of the subject with an appropriate introduction, supporting paragraphs, and conclusions. The paper itself

should be between 1000-1500 words (not including cover page, references, etc.). Your paper should be written in your own words using

proper in-text citations when indicated. Please review the �Plagiarism� section located inside the APUS classroom under the �Policy�

link for details. You should use a minimum of five current and reliable sources for your research.

B. Format – (20 points possible). Your paper should contain a cover page, an abstract, a main body and a reference page. References

should be cited and properly listed in APA format. Whenever you write a paper based on the research of someone else�s work, you must

give credit to the original author. If you do not cite and document your sources carefully, you run the risk of plagiarism. In

addition, when you document papers correctly, you provide others with a way to find the sources you have used. I recommend you visit

the following web site (The Owl at Purdue) to learn how to properly cite your sources in the APA format:

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/. Your paper should be typewritten in double-spaced format using Arial or Times New

Roman styles in a 10 or 12-point black font. All page margins (left, right, top, and bottom) should be set to 1 inch.

C. Spelling/Grammar/Punctuation – (15 points possible).

**PLEASE NOTE that you must submit your research paper as a �Microsoft Word� document rather than a Word Pad, Works, etc. type of

document, otherwise you will not receive credit for your work.

**Please review the university-wide policy on Plagiarism in your student handbook and the section included in this syllabus. All

research papers will be submitted to a plagiarism detection website so it is imperative that your papers are your original work in your

original words. Don�t forget to utilize proper APA style in-text citations for any paraphrasing and/or direct quotes utilized in your

papers. Less than 10% of your paper should contain direct quotes and you should refrain from writing in the first person in the main

body of your formal papers. Plagiarism will result in a zero for the entire assignment, as well as a formal letter to Registrar�s

Office who will determine the next course of action, so make sure the work is your own.

WRITING EXPECTATIONS
All written submissions should be submitted in a font and page set-up that is readable and neat. It is recommended that students try to

adhere to a consistent format, which is described below.
� Typewritten in double-spaced format with a readable style and font and submitted inside the electronic classroom (unless classroom

access is not possible and other arrangements have been approved by the professor).
� Arial 10 or 12-point font or Times New Roman styles.
� Page margins Top, Bottom, Left Side and Right Side = 1 inch, with reasonable accommodation being made for special situations and

online submission variances.

CITATION AND REFERENCE STYLE
Assignments completed in a narrative essay or composition format must follow APA guidelines. This course will require students to use

the citation and reference style established by the American Psychological Association (APA), in which case students should follow the

guidelines set forth in Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). (2009). Washington, D.C.: American

Psychological Association.

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2. Is the interpretation of the expressions ‘de facto director’ and ‘shadow director’ sufficiently certain in the light of Smithton Ltd (formerly Hobart Capital Markets Ltd) v Nagger [2013] EWHC 1961 (Ch)?

help information please use cases please ,Please use cases of law and support the answer by statute
– Directors: appointment, board meetings, remuneration and removal.

A. Appointment and qualifications

1. Minimum number? 2 for public, 1 for private: s.154 CA 06.
Articles of association may set a minimum for the company

2. Maximum number? No max. set by statute.
Articles of association may set a maximum

3. Who? …any person occupying the position of director, by whatever name called:
s.250 CA 06

May be a company or other corporation: Re Bulawayo Market and Offices [1907]. The CA 85 did not mention corporate directors but s.155

CA 06 states that �a company must have at least one director who is a natural person.�

Three types of director:

(a) de jure – formally and properly appointed

(b) de facto – a person who is part of the governing structure of the company and who has assumed the status and functions of director:

Re Paycheck Services 3 Ltd, Revenue and Customs Commissioners v Holland [2011]

(c) shadow – see below

4. Shadow director
CA 06 s.251: �…a person in accordance with whose directions or instructions the directors of the company are accustomed to act.

However, a person is not deemed a shadow director by reason only that the directors act on advice given by him in a professional

capacity.�

(Similar definitions appear in CDDA 86 s.22(5) and IA 86 s.251).

The interpretation offered by Millet J in Hydrodam (Corby) Ltd [1994] HC must be reconsidered in the light of Morritt LJ�s five

propositions in Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Deverell [2000] CA:

(a) Since the purpose of the CDDA 86 was the protection of the public and since the definition was used in other legislative contexts

it should not be strictly construed just because it also had quasi-penal consequences in the context of the CDDA 86.

(b) The purpose of the definition was to identify those, other than professional advisers, with real influence in the corporate affairs

of the company. But it was not necessary that such influence had to be exercised over the whole field of its corporate activities

(c) Whether any particular communication, whether by words or conduct, should be classified as a direction or instruction had to be

determined objectively by the court in the light of all the evidence.

(d) Non-professional advice might fall within the definition. The concepts of �direction� and �instruction� did not exclude the concept

of �advice� since all three shared the common feature of �guidance�.

(e) It was not necessary to show that the directors had adopted a subservient role or surrendered their discretion

He also noted that it was not necessary for a shadow director to �lurk in the shadows�.

Interpretation in other cases:

A one-off reaction or response from the board would not satisfy ‘accustomed to act’: Sec of State v Becker [2003]

Where Ultraframe (UK) Ltd v Fielding 2005] EWHC 1638 Lewison J at para [1272] ‘a person at whose direction a governing majority of the

board is accustomed to act is capable of being a shadow director’.

Lecture Exercise 6.1

Seven people have been properly appointed as directors on the board of Zed Ltd. Do you think any of the following individuals should be

treated as shadow directors?

(a) Shane has not been appointed as a director but often offers his views to the board on what Zed Ltd should do next. Three directors

always ignore Shane completely. The other four, on a few occasions, have pushed for policies that are in line with Shane’s views.

(b) Alisha is an accountant in public practice who has been instructed by Zed Ltd to do its accounts. Alisha advises the board to

change their accounting reference date and the board agree unanimously to follow her advice.

(c) Sid is a solicitor who has done conveyancing for Zed Ltd in the past. Sid is now influencing the board in their decisions on which

properties to buy. Sid has been lending money to Zed Ltd at below prevailing interest rates and therefore the board are more than happy

to take his advice seriously.
5. Alternate directors Table A, Regs 65-69
The Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008 Sch 3 (for Public companies) Arts 25-27

6. Appointment procedure

(a) first directors

(b) subsequent directors:

Retirement by rotation: eg.
Table A Regs 73-80.
The Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008 Sch 3, Art 21

Public Co directors – proposed directors to be voted on individually, unless resolution agrees a single vote: s.160 CA 06

7. Share qualification (if required by the articles): s.291 CA 85 required directors to
obtain qualification within 2 months of appointment, or such shorter time as may be fixed by the articles. CA 06 has repealed this

statutory requirement.

8. Minimum age? None stated in CA 85 but s.157 CA 06 fixes a minimum age of 16.

9. Maximum age? s.293 CA 85 imposed a maximum age of 70 in public companies
and subsidiaries of public companies, with exceptions. CA 06 repealed s.293 CA 85 with effect from 6 April 2007.

10. Validity of acts …acts of a director or manager are valid notwithstanding any defect that may afterwards be discovered in his

appointment or qualification: s.161 CA 06 (previously, s.285 CA 85 – not quite as detailed)

but this does not apply where is no appointment at all: Morris v Kanssen [1946]

11. Legal position. A director is an �officer� of the company according to companies legislation (s.1173) but what other classifications

and concepts will be relevant? Fiduciary? Agent?

B. Board meetings

1. Legal requirements. Every company must record minutes of proceedings at directors’ meetings (s.248(1)) and keep minutes for 10 years

(s.248(2)).

A decision of directors will stand, even if not minuted: Re North Hallenbeagle Mining Co, Knight’s Case [1867].

Decisions must be taken at a meeting unless directors unanimous: Base Metal Trading v Shamurin [2004]

2. Provisions in the articles of association. Eg The Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008 Sch 1, Art 7(1) states that the

general rule is that any decision of the directors must be either by majority decision at a meeting or a decision taken unanimously

under Art 8.

3. UK Corporate Governance Code 2012

– following the ‘spirit of the code’

– ‘comply or explain’

Section A: Leadership

A.1: The Role of the Board

Main Principle
Every company should be headed by an effective board which is collectively responsible for the long-term success of the company.

Supporting Principles
The board�s role is to provide entrepreneurial leadership of the company within a framework of prudent and effective controls which

enables risk to be assessed and managed. The board should set the company�s strategic aims, ensure that the necessary financial and

human resources are in place for the company to meet its objectives and review management performance. The board should set the

company�s values and standards and ensure that its obligations to its shareholders and others are understood and met.

All directors must act in what they consider to be the best interests of the company, consistent with their statutory duties.

Code Provisions
A.1.1. The board should meet sufficiently regularly to discharge its duties effectively. There should be a formal schedule of matters

specifically reserved for its decision. The annual report should include a statement of how the board operates, including a high level

statement of which types of decisions are to be taken by the board and which are to be delegated to management.
C. Remuneration

1. Merely taking the office of director does not create a right to remuneration: Hutton v West Cork Railway [1883]

Provision for remuneration normally made in the articles of association.

Such provision must be followed: Guinness plc v Saunders [1990] HL

2. Other legal grounds for challenging remuneration:

(a) ‘a disguised gift out of capital’: Re Halt Garage (1964) Ltd [1982]

(b) unfair prejudice: s.994 CA 06. Excessive remuneration may be unfairly prejudicial, even if declared in the accounts: Re Annacott

Holdings [2012] EWCA Civ 998

3. Long term service contracts have to be approved (s.188 CA 06) although this can be done using the Duomatic principle: Wright v Atlas

Wright [1999]

UK Corporate Governance Code, D.1.5. – one year or less. ‘If it is necessary to offer longer notice or contract periods to new

directors recruited from outside, such periods should reduce to one year or less after the initial period.’

4. Directors remuneration report required in quoted companies: s.420 CA 06. Shareholder approval – non-binding vote on an ordinary

resolution at the general meeting at which the company’s accounts are laid: s.439 CA 06

eg In 2003 GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) was the first company to have its report voted down

5. UK Corporate Governance Code 2012

Section D: Remuneration
Levels of remuneration should be sufficient to attract, retain and motivate directors of the quality required to run the company

successfully, but a company should avoid paying more than is necessary for this purpose. A significant proportion of executive

directors� remuneration should be structured so as to link rewards to
corporate and individual performance.

There should be a formal and transparent procedure for developing policy on executive remuneration and for fixing the remuneration

packages of individual directors. No director should be involved in deciding his or her
own remuneration.

D. Removal of directors

Long term service contracts: s.188 CA 06 A service contract which entitles a director to employment for longer than 2 years must be

approved by resolution of members. Non-compliance will allow the company to terminate by the giving of reasonable notice: s.189.

Is it possible to approve a long term service contract under the �Duomatic principle�? There is no statutory purpose underlying the

procedural requirements of [what is now s.188] beyond the benefit and protection of shareholders, and shareholder consent is sufficient

under the principle in Re Duomatic: Wright v Atlas Wright (Europe) Ltd [1999] CA

Removing a director by a vote in general meeting:

s.168 CA 06 Members may pass ordinary resolution with special notice

s.169 CA 06 Director�s rights to protest: written representations and speaking on the resolution.

Options available to a director faced with threat of removal:

1. Use weighted voting rights to defeat resolution: Bushell v Faith [1970]

Lecture Exercise 6.2

Is there any way in which the Faith’s two sisters might have used the weighted voting rights clause in their favour?

2. If resolution is passed

(a) sue for any consequent breach of contract. Note that removal under s.168 does not deprive the director of any right to compensation

or damages: s.168(5)(a)

A failure to comply with s.188 may restrict the amount of damages.

(b) petition �unfair prejudice� under s.994 CA 06: Re I Fit Global Ltd, Also known as Blunt v Jackson [2013] EWHC 2090 (Ch)

(c) petition for winding up on the just and equitable ground under s.122(1)(g) IA 86

Is it a �quasi-partnership� company? Ebrahimi v Westbourne Galleries [1973] HL

S.125(2) IA 86 – order may be refused if there is an alternative remedy and petitioner is acting unreasonably in seeking to have the

company wound up instead of pursuing that other remedy.

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d) How does sports coverage construct a sense of national identity? Illustrate your answer with an analysis of the coverage of a recent sports event.

The project should be typed and doubled spaced. Do not forget to include a bibliography of books used and reference your work fully. Do not just describe what you have found. Reflect and analyse your results. Make sure you reference all of the reading you have undertaken. The work should be a critical analysis and not merely descriptive. You are expected to utilise some of the theories and concepts introduced throughout the module. You should not just concentrate on discussing the media but include some analysis on its relationship to the wider social, cultural, economic and political world.

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An individual 1000 word analysis on a marketing news story which has been appeared in 2013 (n.b. Published this year). The news story must be published in English. Need to select an appropriate market analysis story which has appeared in 2013 ( e.g. from Financial Times, The Economist, The Wall Street Journal, Business Week, Fortune or Forbes. Or in the business section of The Times, Daily Telegraph, Independent or Guardian. Best are the longer pieces in the Sunday versions. Also analysis is not just news, its has to be demonstrated with marketing learning so far.

The rest important information with more detail will be uploaded in powerpoint file form. Included useful links and very important information also about conclusion and introduction.

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Understanding and Supporting Behaviour

Outcome 1 (All knowledge/skills)

Explain how psychological theories can help understand the causes of challenging behaviour and how factors within an individuals’ life can help explain the behaviour.

Students should include:

A definition of challenging behaviour and its usefulness in determining behaviour

Describe 4 different forms of challenging behaviour

Demonstrate an understanding of how two different psychological theories can help us understand challenging behaviour

Analyse how life experience’s and situational factors can contribute to challenging behaviour giving two examples

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Research Paper Assignment
1. Assignment: Write a 5 page paper on the “Semiotics: Peirce, Sausseure, Barthes”, making use of at least five outside sources not including the Williams textbook or the Czitrom recommended reading. The paper should introduce the topic and then continue to give a

detailed description of the main concepts in play and how they relate to media studies.
Procedure: Do not just find five sources and use them. Instead, work to pick five sources that do the best possible work to explain

your topic and its relevance to media studies. This means looking at many, many sources and choosing which ones are the most useful in

terms of answering the following guideline questions.
• What kinds of contributions to the field did your topic make?
• How would you characterize these contributions—did they ask new questions, use new methods, or simply open up new topics for study?
• What changed afterwards, or as a result of these contributions?
• How is your topic still influencing work today?

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1. Provide clear definition at the beginning
2. Address the question
3. Provide a critical evaluation
4. Evidence in favour and against
5. Be original
6. Conclusion
7. References

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Essay. To win a trip to China, you enter a contest to determine the four most useful contributions or inventions created by the ancient Chinese. (1) Identify eight to ten of these useful inventions or contributions. (2) Nominate four that you believe are the most ingenious or innovative. (3) Explain why you believe these four inventions or contributions are the most useful inventions or contributions from the ancient Chinese. (4) Identify one invention or contribution that you cannot live without and explain why.

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA Style

format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions specific to the selected topic.
Include a cover page containing the tile of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date.

The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page lengt

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Globalization (Examine how and why McDonalds recently decided to rebrand itself in the UK)

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Using the concepts that you learned in chapters nine (9) through twelve (12) recommend specific tools that can be used for computer forensics investigation.
Write a 3 page paper in which you:
1. Compare and contrast features and costs of two (2) programs that can be used to recover deleted files. Include the success rates and specific functions each program offers.
2. Specify the costs associated with purchasing two (2) tools that can be used to gather digital evidence from a cell phone. Include specific hardware or additional devices that will be required.
3. Identify hourly costs associated with specific certified computer experts that can be used for forensics purposes and suggest a certified computer professional, you think, would be effective for a court case.
4. Summarize a current event article based on how an expert’s deposition helped the case at trial. Include specifics on how the deposition was delivered and what was done to ensure that it was provided truthfully and concisely.
5. Use four (4) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
 Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must

follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
 Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the

date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.

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