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Please try to avoid similar errors in this paper. If you have any questions about my comments, please email me.
? As long as you haven’t changed topics completely, you can keep the same first (or other introductory) paragraphs that you have in the Theory Paper. Your experiment will study the same behavior (the same dependent variable). However, look at the comments I made previously and make any suggested changes and revisions. You may also want to add something that identifies what independent variable (i.e., cause of the behavior) you will be testing in your experiment, if it’s not clear already.
? The second paragraph of the paper should still describe a psychology theory that can be applied to your topic. You should have identified the theory in posts in the Topic & Theory Discussion Forum, but if you did not clearly identify what theory is the right one, go back to that Forum and post the theory immediately so I can confirm that you have the right one. If you have any questions about what articles to read to learn about the theory, so you can write this new paragraph, please post those in the Forum too. Read the article that is the very first publication about the theory, plus whatever other articles you need to in order to understand the theory. The paragraph(s) in your paper should summarize the major constructs in the theory, plus how the theory says the constructs relate to or influence each other in order to predict human behavior.
THE THEORIES ARE WORKING MEMORY THEORY AND ATTENTION RESTORATION THEORY.
? Then, instead of a literature review, in this paper you should write a sentence outline for the literature review. Like the previous outline you wrote, my example outline for the Smith et al. article (posted in Canvas), and the example outline below, there should be just 1 sentence representing each paragraph that you would write (if you were writing the paper for real). The sentences should be clear and as succinct as possible. They can be more than one line long, but should be just one complete sentence. For sentences that summarize or critique previous research, there should be citations, in APA style. The outline as a whole should make sense, meaning that when I read each sentence, the sentences should relate to each other, should be organized in some way, and should present a coherent “big picture” about your literature review. As other readings have covered, the literature review (and thus your outline too) should include (1) a clear summary of all relevant research that exists on the topic; (2) some critique of previous studies (as a whole body of research, not a critique of every single study); and (3) a one-tailed, causal hypothesis that is justified based on the previous research, and that makes sense to the reader.
For this literature review outline, you should find as many peer-reviewed psychology journal articles as possible that are relevant to your research topic. The best articles will be about both your IV and your DV, though the article does not have to be an experiment. At least one sentence in your outline should describe what the articles that you have found have in common. DO NOT write sentences about each article individually, giving the hypotheses, method, results, etc. of each one. Instead, look for what the articles have in common, mostly what their Results have in common. If you find good, relevant articles, you should be able to write a good summary of what the articles have in common in just one sentence. If you have questions about whether an article that you’ve found is good to use, please email me.
In the outline, you definitely need to write at least 1 sentence about the prior research that exists involving the same IV and DV as in your experiment. However, don’t forget about the theory (or just certain constructs from it). It would also be a good thing to include a sentence in your outline about research that involves your IV & the theory (not necessarily involving the same DV). It would also be a good thing to include a sentence in your outline about research that involves the theory and your DV (not necessarily involving the same theory). There will be different amount of research about each combination of the IV, theory, and DV, but all could be important to cover. The topic about which there is most research usually goes at the beginning of the literature review.
The literature review outline should end with a well-written hypothesis (about whether your IV will affect your DV).
? A Method section begins with a paragraph about the participants in the study. The example below gives some instructions about what goes into this paragraph. Since you don’t have actual data to your experiment, you can just make up the numbers in the Participants subsection
? The next subsection of the Method section is the Measures. This subsection should describe appropriate measures of the theoretical construct(s) that is relevant to the study, and the measure(s) of the dependent variable(s). The Finding Measures of Constructs reading posted in Canvas outlines the steps that I suggest following for finding published measures through PsycINFO and/or the Internet. The posted reading focuses on measures of constructs from the theories most of you are using, but the same method is suggested for all measures. Remember, these operational definitions are the specific questions that you would ask your participants to measure the variables. If you would use a published scale to measure the variable, cite to the original source of that scale. If there’s no published scale to use and you would write your own questions, describe those questions. It is usually NOT a good idea to make lists or Tables of questions in the Method section—summarize and describe what was measured using sentences.
? The manipulation of the independent variable should be described in text in the Procedure subsection of the Method Section. Write the Procedure in your own words, in sufficient detail so the readers knows what happened in your experiment. The Procedure should be written in the past tense (so assume that you have already completed the experiment).
? The final section of the paper is the Discussion section. For this paper, there is just 1 paragraph. The final paragraph should describe at least one other independent variable (different than the IV from your experiment) that could be manipulated, instead of measured, and that you hypothesize would affect the behavior you’re studying. To review about manipulations, in the Experimental Psychology textbook read parts of Chapter 3 (pp. 52-57) and 13 (pp. 360-370), and in the How to think straight book read Chapter 6 (pp. 85-90). The final paragraph should also describe at least one other measure that would be good to include in a future study testing the same hypothesis that you did (basically, another question or scale that probably should have been included in your experiment). Don’t just say what the measure it—describe why it would be good to include and analyze in the results.
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