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Transforming the bill of lading into the electronic form

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Transforming the bill of lading into the electronic form
Abstract
An increasing application of computers has been documented amongst the merchants for the sake of facilitating efficient transactions on an international context. This has led to a believe among most observers the use of electronic commerce on full fledge is almost coming to be a reality. The use of electronic data interchange has been efficient and also quick with great expectations in the shipping industry of embracing the benefits that are associated with its adoption and more so in the areas that deal with the bill of landing. The process dealing with the introduction of the technology has faced numerous legal obstacles leading to its slow pace of implementation. The greatest contributor of the slow implementation process is the insistence of the law on documentation based on paper work. Despite the occurrence of such impedences there has been significant development in the promotion of the application of the electronic data interchange in this industry. This paper posits to compare and contrast the arguments of authors on the controversy surrounding the replication of the bill of lading in electronic form. The paper also attempts to analyse the arguments of those who support the electronic version and those who do not support the development . It has also been important to note the specific areas where the contributors have agreed, and existing gaps with respect to their opinions. The paper also looks in to the crisis that touches on the document of title function and how to replicate this function and its effectiveness. The Rotterdam rules on the topic of electronic transport records have also been addressed in this paper linking it to the possibility of giving a solution.
1. Introduction
Bill of lading
The bill of lading has the implication of a document that a carrier gives to a shipper to serve the purpose of acknowledgement of reception of specific goods on board in form of cargo to be conveyed to a specific destination so that they can be delivered to a specific identifiable consignee. This document is popular in modes of transport such as air, water, rail or road. This document is in some cases applied in form of traded object and it may serve as evidence of goods carriage contract. Other purposes that can be derived out of the document include the following:
Serves as the evidence of carriage or chartering contract validity
The documents also ascertain the validity of a carriage contract with the incorporation of full terms contract in the midst of the consignor and carrier.
The document also serves the purpose of a receipt that the carrier should poses for the sake of confirmation that that goods are matching the description of the contract and their reception in the most desired condition. The cleanness of the bill depends on the condition that the goods have been received .
The document also serves transfer purposes governing all legal aspects allied to the physical carriage of the goods and in a similar manner as a cheque or alternative negotiable instrument, there is a possibility of endorsing it in a manner to effect the ownership of items that are n transit.

The intention behind the application of electronic commerce is the automation of the processes of business. The transactions that can be accomplished in a completely paperless way coupled with the movement of information from one application of a computer to the next application should be accomplished in exactly this manner. This is the essence of the use of electronic data interchange in fulfilling the requirements of electronic commerce

The innovation in technology contributes to a very vital role in the business and the economy in general. Since the advent of the industrial revolution, there has arisen a great level of business susceptibility to advancement in technology. With the appreciation of the advancement in technology, the end of the gone century was associated with the introduction of information technology in all sectors of business. Within a short span of time since these innovations, technology proliferated to the extent that it was a significant strategic weapon to facilitate the smooth running of business. Based on this realization, developments in computer systems as well as technologies were evident in the shipping business .

Majority of the organizations such as the ones of exporters, the banking institutions, the importers, the authorities of governments together with the freight forwarders among others were in a dire need for the information regarding the goods that they were dealing with. The need for this important technology was further supported by the requirement of the accuracy of the information. The technology facilitated for the interchange and exchange of this information as data that can be transmitted and also received through electronic means. The systems of electronic data interchange entails an electronic system in which computers are effectively utilized for the purpose of a formal exchange of data between the computers without necessary requiring to use paper documentation . The systems of electronic data interchange may also be perceived as an avenue of electronic transmission of commercial documents. The most significant purpose that it serves includes increasing the speed of operations that is a very essential component of trade coupled with the replacement of the paper based bill of landing that consequently increases the degree of accuracy and therefore minimizes the possibilities of frauds. The focus of this paper therefore is exploring the benefits and possibilities of success in the transformation of bill of lading into the electronic form . The role that electronic data interchange plays in the bill of lading is also clearly focused with the inclination towards efficiency and effectiveness of business processes of shipping in addition to trade in consideration of the complex environment of doing business. The paper goes further in the identification of some of the potential problems that are allied to the implementation of these transformations of the bill of lading in electronic form. T has also been imperative to suggest some of the possible measures that have been identified as being productive towards the solution of the problem and the areas that require further research to make sure that the development is a success .

The success in international trade has currently called for an extensive as well as ever increasing application of computer technology which is the best facilitators of global transactions with a shift in the direction of electronic commerce. This calls for the introduction of electronic data interchange. With respect to the shipping industry, the systems of electronic data interchange have undergone some development with the intention of replacing the shipping documentation using traditional paper method with specific interest in the bill of landing. This is based on the realization of the importance of speed in this nature of transactions .

Some obstacles however face the introduction of the electronic data interchange in the context of electronic bills of landing. The contributors of the obstacles include the development in computer technology coupled with some legal issues. The most important obstacle raised by some of the contributors in the debate in this respect lies in the legal requirements for the use of documentation that is based on paper work. The issue has a close relationship on the manner of conveying the message so that all the requirements can be achieved considering the requirements of signed documents related to bills of landing .

Other people have argued that the functions played by the bill of landing are so important, serving the purpose of a title document to goods that are shipped and therefore it qualifies to serve as a security to banks and the holder of the document is empowered to sell the goods while they are still on transit. This is a special function of paper based bill of landing that can hardly be incorporated in the documents that have been electronically generated.

The need for efficiency in business

The business leaders of today are compelled towards streamlining the processes of business with the intentions of cutting costs coupled with the improvement of efficiency. Considering that the core business of an organization is to produce a specific product, the ultimate business line is an efficient management of the documents that controls the products flow. It is unfortunate however that has estimated over 80 % of the receivable processes in business-to-business continue to use huge volumes of paper. The implications of this are that most organizations have embraced an insignificant fraction of the opportunities of cutting costs . The costs are attributed to wear and tear of the printer, Labour time, the Toner Paper Pre-printed forms, the use of envelopes and postage, Cover pages, Facsimile charges, Office space, Copies, Filling supplies, Cabinet space, management and movement of the invoices .

It is the duty of the management of companies to move forward economically through the implementation of solutions of document management. The international community has made significant strides in awareness of advantages allied to electronic operations and therefore taking serious efforts to tap the benefits. The efforts have facilitated the acceptability of electronic bill of landing in the context of maritime trade community through overcoming potential hindrances at varied levels whether they legal or even mental. One of the most important challenges is the legal issues that lawyers are faced with while dealing with the solution of issues in case of trading electronically. Despite the fact of existence of some amicable solutions, further research is still needed to come up with some changes in law. This will be an encouragement to all the concerned people to change their mind in a serious manner. Possibilities of reflections of the realities in the societies by the law may not be underestimated. With the ever changing technology in the business world, the maritime industry should not be left behind and change is inevitable and it is the high time that the law gives a response to the issue .
Rotterdam rules on electronic transport records
Article 1 (1) of the Rotterdam rules on electronic transport records provide for the “contract of carriage” being the “means of contract whereby a carrier, against payment of freight, agree to to carry goods from a specific place to another. The contract provides for the carriage by sea and is also meant to provide for the carriage by supplementary modes of transport along with the sea carriage’’. This therefore has the implication that in case the carriage is not by sea, the alternative is by land, meaning rail or road.
Rotterdam mode also advocates for electronic commerce through updating as well as modernizing commerce. This is provided for in Chapter three in articles 8, 9 and 10 of the Rotterdam rules on electronic transport records. Article 8 addresses the application and the effecting of the electronic transport documents. According to the provisions of this article 8 of the Rotterdam rules on electronic transport records, anything meant for being in transport documents according to the convention requires recording using electronic transport records, on condition that the issuance along with the subsequent use of electronic documentation has been consented by the carrier as well as the shipper .

The origin of electronic commerce application is attributed to the revisions made to the Kyoto Convention in 1999. The changes made called the adoption of the concept behind the application of innovative electronic technology in the context of the customs practices. The major theme behind the changes made during the “Revised Kyoto Convention of 1999” revolved around the simplification of the Customs procedures laying its major emphasis on the use of information technology coupled with the management of risks with the application of automated systems with a major focus on the shipments exposed to high risks and their inspection.

The issuance, the exclusive control together with the transfer of the electronic transport record bears similar effects to those of issuance, the possession as w ell as the transport documents.
According to the provisions of article 9 of the Rotterdam rules on electronic transport records, the procedures responsible for use of electronic transport records that are negotiable have been facilitated. Article 10 of the same deals with the replacement of the electronic documents for transport that are negotiable and the replacement as well as surrender of the negotiable documents. Rotterdam rules on electronic transport records remove the doubts of electronic commerce and it also facilitates modernization of innovative global vessel carriage.

Rotterdam rules on electronic transport records are the most recent signals to the effect that the application of global commerce shall continue to receive support, while overlooking the use of paper and concentrating on electronic transmission of data.
Added to the knowledge required of electronic transport document, all the existing links in supply chain may be availed to the consignee in order to have a clear knowledge of the loaded goods, the time that the goods left, the exact place it has reached and the anticipated time of arrival among other things. These are among the vital information that accompanies electronic data which facilitate the capturing all what is needed by the importer. Generally, the shift towards the implementation of electronic data transmission along with the use of smarter container technology is a good source of direct benefits of supply chain to the bottom line of the imports. The use of electronic documentation along with smart container technology is showing a good sense of business in addition to being a good legal proptection .

Thus in consideration of the fact that the discovery of ESI is likely to in the context of the section of the federal civil litigation, the international acceptance of the use of electronic commerce according to the provisions of the Rotterdam Rules accompanied by associated importance as indicated in the changes made in Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are likely to be indispensable allies to the importers as well as exporters as they modernize the international supply chain. This is the most important goal that the Rotterdam Rules strives to achieve .

Leaving the legal implications aside, the use of electronic data interchange in the context of international supply chain has important implications on the consequences of cost-benefits. In considerations of costs, the most important question is the requirement for documentation using paper. The reduction in the costs associated with the use of papers, the solutions of the problems of filling the papers and also their safe storage, coupled with the elimination of possible falsification in the paper documents at the time that the goods are en route has been achieved through the use of electronic data interchange and the provision of an electronic end to end line of supply. The portals that are incorporated in the automated commercial environment include the following:
* Automated Manifest System (AMS)
* Automated Broker Interface (ABI)
* Automated Export System (AES)
* Automated Commercial System (ACS)
The Rotterdam rules on electronic transport records having the ortigin-to destination coupled with the electronic transmission is currently in the best position of complying with the most important components as needed by the “Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT)” and is responsible for authorization of security that is initiated at the stage of stuffing and culminating at the destination, all which are evident in the electronic data interchange .

Rotterdam rules and the legal implications of ESI

Based on the changes that Federal Rules of Civil Procedure encountered, all possibilities exist that the use of ESI may become persuasive evidence towards the actions of CBD as well as the cases. A good example of this is the situation where a specific foreign shipper makes use of the smart container technology accompanied with a breach during transhipment at the time of container movement in which case some counterfeit goods are incorporated in the cargo, the shipper, the consignee as well as the carrier are empowered to demonstrate to the Customs & Border Protection, CBD, through the use of ESI about the breaching of the container. In addition to this, a breach verification is possible at third party where the movement is monitored in addition to the status in addition to the status of the revealed container which may be recorded then stored with an indication that that they were breached in a manner that was surreptitious. In a situation of this nature, the consignee, the shipper as well as the carrier with the application of the smart container control center, have a chance of demonstrating to the relevant authorities about the proper and accurate stuffing of the container all along from the origin under a supervision of an individual who can be identified and vetted but deliberately made the certifications that the contents of the cargo were correct and complete .
2.1.1 Legal recognition and evidential value of data messages
One of the most important issues arising from the application of data message is whether it can be considered as valid document together with its acceptability to serve as evidence in the law courts. In majority of the civil as well as the common systems of law applicable in a variety of countries, these records that have been computerized are generally acceptable to serve the purpose of evidence. A good example of this is the English courts that recognize alternative approaches of disseminating information apart from the use of paper documents. Past evidence has indicated that the computer database can serve as a valid document in courts if only the information stored in that computer can be retrieved and be read without difficulties when retrieved from the computer or the back up file records of the computer.

The most appropriate evidence rule calls for the presentation of evidence that can best be accessed. On condition of the availability of original document, then the data message becomes unacceptable as the most appropriate evidence which can then qualify to be hearsay evidence. However, on condition of the absence of the original document, then the data message or a printout from the computer qualifies to be the best evidence that is available. The Model law is a basis of solution to some of the up coming problems which provides that the denial of effectiveness, enforceability or validity of an information is not warranted based on the fact that the information has been obtained from data message
2.1.3 Signature and other authentication
Authentication of documents is a very vital part governing the validity of the document. More often than not manual signatures abide during authenticating documents that are used in domestic as well as international law. The role that is played by a signature is very crucial in the process of authenticating the relevant parties involved in a contract in addition to serving as evidence of the intention of a legally binding document. The use of a signature for the purpose of authentication is a clear indication to recipient party together with the third parties about the document origin coupled with the intentions of the party responsible for the document issuance.

A signature should hence be given in the form of writing, facsimile printing, stamped, perforated, in symbols or by use of any alternative mechanical or even electronic means and should comply with the laws applicable in the particular country where the bill of landing is to be issued. In most cases, there appears to be restrictions of the term signature to imply to the manual signatures. This therefore means that the certainity of the courts to consider a signature authentication through electronic means is not guaranteed and the resolution of an uncertainty of this nature only rests on the courts.
With regard to the systems of electronic data interchange, there are a varuiety of ways to accomplish authentication and signature. These includes the following:
The use of digital codes which are secret in the same manner as the PIN numbers that are applicable in the case of automatic teller machines
The use of other systems that are more complex that applies public keys cryptography through the provision of mathematical schemes which arrange the computer data
The use of the digital signatures applying the concepts such as the “Utah Digital Signatures Act 1996”.
The application of some software in the computer that allows a person to sign on the screen of the computer and the signature is then encrypted by the software. An example of this software is the ‘PenOp’ http://www.penop.com

In the later years as the technology was gaining momentum the developers in that field started developing electronic data interchange systems which could be applied in the management of the documents in an electronic format. This meant that these documents and all the files which shall find there origin within the computer system is stored just within the same computer functions. An improvement which was launched on this document management systems at the later stages resulted into a rebirth of most efficient and appropriate electronic data interchange system which called the document imaging systems. This name originated from the fact that they mainly concentrated on the acquiring, safe storage, effective numbering and the retrieval of data in any case the same shall be considered important. The electronic data interchange offered the organizations several benefits at that moment given the fact that they were then in a position to get the necessary faxes and the forms, the copies of the same could also be effectively saved in the form of images. The stored data had some advantages in which they had high security and the retrieval is also very fast thus saving a lot of time .

The evolvement of the electronic document management system reached an extent in which the systems were therefore able to accept and store whatever kind of the file depending on the format and the size. The organizations that were making use of these management systems could therefore be able to store and retrieve these files from the internet where even sharing was necessary with a lot of improved security across the network. Other functionalities which were supported again include the efficient tools for document manipulation and the auditing techniques were also acquired.

The most important issue that needs to be addressed in this respect is the choice of the most appropriate option of the technology of electronic signature to be applicable in the context of the bill of landing. This is an area that calls for further research because a gap in knowledge exists in as far as the issue is concerned. There are divergent views among the scholars who have worked in this field and a clear conclusion has not been arrived at. It is however important to consider the fact that the above mentioned ways of authentication have the possibility of a technical verification of the message origin although some of them fail to meet the legal requirements required of a signature.

On legal grounds, paper documents are generally acceptable to serve as evidence in any situation on condition that the bear a signature in accordance to the relevant laws. The signature may be appended with the use of a hand written authentication, the use of fingerprints or the use of stamps. According to the provisions of the law, the messages in the form of Telex and the Fax can only be acceptable to give evidence in the situation that the original documents that were filled in the office of issue can be accessed and the originals bear the original signature of the sender. These types of messages can only be valued in form of the common document with respect to the proof. In absence of this, the messages may be disregarded except when they are used to seek guidance .

Faxes along with telexes applicable in some of the marine contracts are well thought-out as evidence to prove the contracts have been concluded through correspondence in writing as well as they are necessary to prove and also establish the maritime transportation contracts. It is however worthwhile to note that the messages of this nature never constitute an appropriate condition that may facilitate concluding such contracts. In place of this, they are used to facilitate for a proof of conclusion of the contracts. A contract of carriage is not necessary a formal type of a contract that can facilitate for any person to claim the nullification of the contract in case it has not been accomplished in writing. This therefore has the implication of the fact that the exchange of the relevant data with the use of an electronic system has an insignificant impact in as far as the contract conclusion is concerned.

Despite all the efforts made towards the reduction of the use of paper documents in transactions of the bill of lading coupled with the ever rising inclination towards the adoption of electronic means provided by computer technology in as far as the contracts of transportation and ecommerce are concerned, a number of difficulties still surround the system. Among the most important of the difficulties are the legal disputes which are associated with the application of this system on a general context and particularly with regard to the maritime contracts. There exists several alternatives whose innovations was meant to be substitutes to signing of the paper documents coupled with the efforts of compliance to the actual identity of electronic message sender. This was achieved through the use of a specific code that was known by the sender and the recipient. Despite these efforts, the courts have refused to recognise the use of electronic transmission of data with the arguments that the traditional documentation is the only valid form of authentication in consideration of the legal conclusiveness. The court has the upper hand in the decision of the conclusiveness of the proof of electronic message .

In consideration of the advantages that are associated the use of electronic data interchange, some important complications needs to be addressed. These include the need for the signature of the sender and the complication arising out of the legal procedures of the law which is different in the context of different countries. Other issues of complications arise out of the need for a distinct appointments as well as locations that may be stipulated and they must comply with the offer acceptance and more so in the case of the commercial transactions because they present the most abundant contracting procedures. The contracts of this nature are on a continuous increase on a daily basis thus requiring the application of computers in the conclusion of the contacts between potential buyers and the sellers without the requirements for the use of paper documentation. The contracts of this nature may be associated with some characteristics of being accomplished in the absence of the two concerned parties without any one of the parties attempting to execute the agreement in person. In essence therefore this has the requirements that a specific period of time lapses irrespective of whether it is long or short before both of the parties express their desire un till such a time that the two parties are aware of the existence of such kind of an offer or acceptance.

The courts in some cases however recognize the data from a computer to serve as evidence in issues where proof is required. It is important to realize the fact that a bill of lading has the implication of a document that a carrier gives to a shipper to serve the purpose of acknowledgement of reception of specific goods on board in form of cargo to be conveyed to a specific destination so that they can be delivered to a specific identifiable consignee. This document is popular in modes of transport such as air, water, rail or road. This document is in some cases applied in form of traded object and it may serve as evidence of goods carriage contract.

Some legal issues are therefore eminent in as far this subject is concerned. This is exemplified in a situation where an electronic message is sent from a country that is foreign considering the time as well as the place where the contract should be concluded together with the interaction of acceptance offer. This is a potential cause of conflicts in the governing laws in which case the courts cannot accept neither recognizes the electronic message to serve as an evidence in lawsuits. Additionally the parties with onus of proof have the duty of proving the message content. The ports custom authorities in some of the countries fail to accept the electronic messages together with the shipper in which case it becomes difficult to approve electronic messages that the carrier presents. The reason behind this is because the message may not be taken as a replacement to the paper documentation .

These traditional paper bill have similar characteristics that are contained in a bill of lading that serves the purpose of representing symbolic ownership of the goods that have been shipped. The bill of lading is therefore entitled to serve similar duties as the ones that the traditional paper bill serves in consideration of the requirements to prove the process of shipping together with the conclusion of Maritime Transportation Contract.

Conclusion

The global efforts towards the replacement of traditional bills of landing based on the use of paper with a system of electronic data interchange requires a lot of input by scholars in form of research. Great developments are required to see that the system becomes effective. Despite the fact of the existence of a variety of rules that are in favour of transformation of the bill of lading in to electronic form in addition to the existing projects that have implemented the system, some form of global confidence is still lacking in as far as the application of electronic data interchange is concerned. The reason for this deduction is imputed to the fact that there are some distinguishing features in as far as the global trade is concerned requiring the participation of so many parties in one shipment of the goods. Added to the buyer and the seller, there is a possibility of the involvement of a variety of banks in the course of the transaction hailing from divergent countries, different carriers, insurance companies, forwarders ports as well as custom authorities. All the concerned parties may need to be provided by some documents which complicates the possibility of devising a system of electronic data interchange that is comprehensive enough to address the needs of the bill of lading.

References
Burnett, R. (1994), The Law of International Business Transactions Chapter 1 International Sale of Goods, The Federation Press, Sydney.
Chandler G, ‘The Electronic Transmission of Bills of Lading’, 20 J. Mar. L. & Com. 571 (1989).
Cottrill (1996), Banking on Electronic Shipping, Chilton’s Distribution, p. 22
Faber D (1996) Electronic Bills of Lading, 2 LMCLQ 232.
Hill & Walden (1996), The Draft UNCITRAL Model Law for Electronic Commerce: Issues and Solutions, 13 Computer Law. 18.
Howard (1993), The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992, 24 J. Mar. L. & Com. 181
Kennedy & Davids (1996), Bartleby the Cryptographer: Legal Profession Prepares for Digital Signatures, N.Y.L.J., Jan 22, 1996, at S4
Nelson (1995), Bolero-An Innvoation Legal Concept, 6 Computers & L. 17
Perritt, H. (1996) Law and the Information Technology Superhighway: Privacy, Access, Intellectual Property, Commerce, and Liability
Reynolds, F., (1993) The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992, LMCLQ 436.
Semerad (1995), Signature Act Will Make Pioneers of Utah Courts-Digital Signatures Make Utah A Pioneer, Salt Lake Trib., Apr. 10, 1995, at D1.
Sokol, P. (1995), From EDI to Electronic Commerce: A Business Initiative
Talmor (1995), Bolero Trade Steps, Banker, Feb. 1995, p. 72.
Wright, B. (1995), The Law of Electronic Commerce: EDI, E-Mail, and Internet-Technology, Proof, and Liability
Yiannapoulos, AN (1995) Ocean Bills of Lading: Traditional Forms, Substitutes and EDI Systems, Kluwer Law International.

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This proposal is for a dissertation that I will also be getting you guys to write for me. I’m open to the Topic subject but it needs to sit around Social media in an educational setting and in particular the implications around teachers and safeguarding. My lecturer suggested that it might be appropriate to focus on the implementation side, but i’m not sure. I would value your input as this paper will drive the dissertation.
Citation Style: Harvard

Number of Sources / References: 5

Required Source:

Extra Requirement: I have to fill out the Uni’s template which I have attached

Library Access:

Number Words: 500
Dissertation – Final Proposal

Student Name

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Tutor

Proposed Topic of Dissertation (<30 words) • A working title which concisely conveys the subject of your dissertation Your Objectives with this Dissertation (<50 words) • What is your purpose in this research? • What are you aiming to achieve? Key Issues to be considered (<50 words) • What events or phenomena are you going to observe or measure? The Theoretical Basis of the dissertation (<250 words) • In what field of management or business theory does your topic lie? • Who are the principal authors you will be referring to? • What concepts will you be basing your research on? The Method of Research to be employed (<150 words) • How are you going to collect the data you need for the research? • How are you going to analyze it? Instructions for completion You should complete the information above in a concise form. An essay is not required. I have put maximum word counts in brackets for each section of the final proposal. These word limits are adequate for a well considered proposal. Do not exceed them. You must submit the proposal (2 copies) in a word processed form in the normal manner. On your proposal you must include the personal identity information at the top of this sheet including the tutor identity information. This final proposal will be marked. Place your order of custom research paper With us NOW. The assignment will be written from scratch by our qualified and experienced writers. [meteor_slideshow slideshow="arp2"] A-Research-Paper.com is committed to deliver a custom paper/essay which is 100% original and deliver it within the deadline. Place your custom order with us and experience the different; You are guaranteed; value for your money and a premium paper which meets your expectations, 24/7 customer support and communication with your writer. Order Now

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Healthcare Type of service Research Paper
Telehealth in Heart Failure Management: Improving Outcomes and Controlling Cost
Please use the following peer reviewed materials:
1. Hjelm,N. M. (2007). Benefits and drawbacks of telemedicine. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. Retrieved from http://telemedicina6.unifesp.br/set/curso/2006-10-23-pgsaude/Fundamental_BenefitsandDrawbacksofTelemedicine.pdf
2.Chen, H. F., Kalish, M. C., & Pagan, J. A. (2011). Telehealth and hospitalization for medicare home healthcare patients. The American Journal of Managed Care, 17(6), e224-e230. Retrieved from http://www.ajmc.com/articles/AJMC_11jun_ChenKalish_e224to30
3.Whitten, P., & Mikus, M. (2007). Home telecare for COPD/CHF patients: outcomes and perceptions. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. Retrieved from http://telehealthpilot.wikispaces.com/file/view/whitten.pdf
4. Heart Failure Disease Management Improves Outcomes and Reduces Costs http://www.innovations.ahrq.gov/content.aspx?id=275
5. Maric, B., Kaan, A., Ignaszewski, A., & Lear, S. (2009). A systematic review of telemonitoring technologies in heart failure. European Journal Of Heart Failure, 11(5), 506-517. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfp036 Retrieved from http://eurjhf.oxfordjournals.org/content/11/5/506.full
6. Wang, G., Zhang, Z., Ayala, C., Wall, H. K., & Fang, J. (2010). Cost of heart Failure-Related Hospitalizations in Patients Aged 18 to 64 years. The American Journal of Managed Care. Retrieved at http://www.ajmc.com/publications/issue/2010/2010-10-vol16-n10/AJMC_10_oct_Wang_769to776/3
7. Hebert, M., Korabek, B., & Scott, R. E. (2006). Moving research into practice: A decision framework for integrating home telehealth into chronic illness care. International Journal for Medical Informatics. Retrieved at http://www.rqt.qc.ca/repDoc%5CSymposiums%5C2007%5CLundi%2026%20novembre%20PM%5CHebert%20et%20al%202006%20%C3%A9valuation.pdf
You may add other resources too.
I already made an outline for this project.
I. Introduction
A. Overview of heart failure and its current issues
1. Statistics: number of individuals diagnosed with heart failure
2. Health care cost – current cost associated with heart failure
B. Definition of telehealth
C. Thesis statement or objective of the study
II. Body
A. Heart failure disease management
1. Standard or traditional heart failure management
2. Common issues encountered by patients
2.1. Poor patient compliance
2.2. Lack of support
2.3. Lack of education
B. Telehealth interventions on heart failure management
1. Telemonitoring devices
2. Integration of telehealth with the traditional heart failure management (process
involved)
C. Benefits of telehealth in heart failure management
1. Patient outcomes and quality of life
2. Health care cost
2.1 Readmission rate – savings in dollar amount
III. Recommendations
IV. Conclusion

B4 they assigned, I underwent the following interview, so make sure you are keen.
Admin: are you sure that you will make this project perfect?
Me: for sure I will, I am sure of myself
Admin: and you have all the needed literature?
Me: most of these are available online for free
Admin: That client wrote in the instructions
Me: No problem with that
Admin: Ok, Confirm!

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Just write the paper and use the physiologist name : Alison Lebeau as the one interviewed.
Interview a school psychologist at your local school or district about how technology is used in the assessment and progress monitoring of young children within the school system.
2) Ask for a review of the assistive technology evaluation process utilized by the school.
3) Summarize the results of the interview in an essay of 500-750 words.
4) Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style

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Attached is directions

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This is the link to the case study:
http://www.ceeman.org/data/files/Teaching_cases/teaching_case__ricart_kordecka_mango_popularizing_fashion_2009.pdf please find the requirements attached=== I already downloaded this file and attached it
I would like to receive an approximately 1000 word outline/concept on how to best adress the assignment questions (logical structure/guideline). Furthermore I would like to receive advice on how to assess the company’s business model, what should be included in the full strategic analysis and theoretical concepts which could assist the company entering into new sectors.
Maximum Word Length: 3000 Words
The word limit for each question is not strictly specified. However, it is expected that it will be distributed between the two questions as a reflection of their 60/40 contribution to the final mark. The word limit includes all the text including graphs and tables but excludes the list of references at the end. If you exceed the word limit you will be penalised. For details see the Management School Handbook.
Requirements:
Using the provided case material (‘Mango, Popularizing Fashion’) answer two compulsory questions. You are not expected to collect additional data on Mango. Answer the questions on the basis of the information provided. Please note that you will not receive additional marks for collecting further case relevant information.
Q1. What are the main advantages of Mango’s business model? Can it be easily copied? Base your answer on a full strategic analysis. (60% of the final mark)
Q2. What strategy should Mango follow in the future in order to enter new fashion sectors? Incorporate theoretical reasoning in developing your answer.
(40% of the final mark)
Assessment Criteria: in determining the grade to be awarded, examiners will take into account the following:
? Knowledge and understanding of strategic management theory and relevant concepts.
? Ability to apply theory to the case study.
? Clarity of structure and arguments.
? Level of integration of conceptual and case material.
? Appropriate references to appropriate literature and perspectives.
? Presentation and style of writing.
Referencing: you must reference your work correctly using the Harvard method. Failure to do so will result in the deduction of marks and possible proceedings under the University’s Regulations as to the Use of Unfair Means

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I need help by a senior psychology and business researcher in revising and rewriting this paper to make it an Academy of Management style theoretical article.
See the doc below
Social Learning Theory in Entrepreneurship Research

Propositions on:
Methods used to capture behavior and
Characteristics of entrepreneurial behavior

List of Abbreviations

Abbreviation Full term

e.g. exempli gratia (for example)
et al. et alteri (and others)
i.e. id est (that means)
p. page
pp. pages

1 Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to relate social learning theory (SLT) to an identified re-search gap in entrepreneurship. The social learning perspective is a behavioral theory founded in the works of prominent sociologists such as Albert Bandura, Gabriel Trade and Julian Rotter. According to Bandura (1977), the theory proposes that human behavior is driven by a reciprocal interaction among behavior, environment and cognitive-personal influences (p. 10): “[…] internal personal factors and behavior […] operate as reciprocal determinants [because] people’s expectations influence how they behave and the outcomes of their behavior change their expectations” (Bandura, 1977, p. 195). SLT has been applied in a variety of contexts, in particular education, criminology and healthcare see e.g. (Houts & Kassab, 1997; Leonard et al., 1999). Application in management science has been scarce, focusing mainly on leadership (substitutes) and managerial education (Sulsky & Kline, 2007; Yukl, 2005). The following paragraphs shall identify a research gap in entrepreneurship and assess potential gains from a deployment and adaption of SLT to entrepreneurship research.

Entrepreneurship research has to this date not succeeded to developed clear concepts of its key terms and to delimit itself from management (Fueglistaller et al., 2008). Consequently, researchers have embarked in a variety of directions to explain and conceptualize entre-preneurship phenomena, which can be subsumized under the following three questions (Ste-venson & Jarillo, 1990)

– What happens when entrepreneurs act? (Results of entrepreneurial action)
– Why do entrepreneurs act? (Predispositions of entrepreneurial action)
– How do entrepreneurs act? (Behaviours / actions of entrepreneurs)

The first two questions have been extensively investigated in the disciplines of econom-ics and sociology respectively (Envick & Luthans, 1996; Gartner, 2008; Stevenson & Jarillo, 1990). The third question, however, is best to be examined in the field of business manage-ment research (Gartner, 1989; Timmons, 2002). Stevenson and Jarillo (1990) and Gartner (1989) postulate that it is fruitful to consider what entrepreneurs do behaviourally and how they succeed at being entrepreneurs. Despite almost 20 years having past, to this day little has been published on this topic. Recent research still claims for a focus on direct contempla-tion of entrepreneurial behaviour (Schwehm, 2007). Correspondingly, a comprehensive literature search has yielded a total of five publications on the topic, with only one study generating behavioural data (Crossley & Pittaway, 2000; Envick & Luthans, 1996; Good, 1993; Kilby, 1971; Man et al., 2002). This picture has been confirmed by a meta-study (Brown & Hanlon, 2004), also criticizing an apparent lack of scientific quality of extant research. This indicates the study of entrepreneurial behaviour to be a potentially fruitful area of investigation; with (exemplary) research questions being:

R1: What are activities, roles and tasks of entrepreneurs?
R2: How does entrepreneurial behaviour compare to and differ from managerial behav-iour?
R3: What are characteristic behaviours of successful entrepreneurs?

SLT can help enhance the quality of behavioural research in entrepreneurship by ad-dressing several problems. Most conspicuously, researchers have criticized that many, if not all, observational studies of human behaviour in management and entrepreneurship lack clear theoretical foundations (Martinko & Gardner, 1985, 1990; Schwehm, 2007). In particular, research design and methods are not devised based on theoretical / psychological rationales (Stewart, 1993). SLT as a behavioural theory supports researchers in identifying important areas and decisive variables for empirical data collection. Furthermore, the theory can be used to explain, model, and predict behaviour. In entrepreneurship, this could for example be used to generate hypothesis on commonalities and differences between entrepreneurial and managerial behaviour. Also, it can be deployed to explain activity patterns of founders (En-vick & Luthans, 1996). Lastly, SLT can be relied upon when researchers consider where and how to influence (entrepreneurial) behaviour in desirable ways (Bandura, 1985, 1986; Stew-art, 1993).

Bridging the above identified research gap by studying the actual “entrepreneurs job” or his true behaviour contributes to theory and practice in a number of ways: First, by compar-ing or injecting knowledge on real entrepreneurial tasks, activities and behaviours to available definitions and concepts of entrepreneurship, these can be validated, rejected, enriched and/or refined. Second, the proposed study lays a foundation for research into cause-effect relationships of entrepreneurial behaviour, for example which behaviours promote success and which failure. Third, entrepreneurship education can benefit from knowing which spe-cific tasks entrepreneurs have to perform on a day-to-day basis. This essentially refers to the issue as to ‘how can we educate and train managers [entrepreneurs] if we don’t know what managers [entrepreneurs] do?’ (Mintzberg, 1990). Fourth, the study supports entrepreneurs reflecting and gaining consciousness about their behaviour, supporting them to potentially identify more effective or efficient ways to work.

The paper is structured as follows. After the introduction, section two will elaborate on methodology and findings of extant behavioural research in management and entrepreneur-ship. In section three, the core constructs of SLT shall be comprehensively described to build the groundwork for subsequent applications. Section four will formulate and substantiate SLT propositions with regard to methodology used to capture and explain entrepreneurial behaviour and with regard to differences between managerial and entrepreneurial behaviour. Section five will summarize the main findings of the paper.
2 Literature review
The literature review shall first focus on methodological background of behavioural re-search in management. Thereafter, key findings on managerial and entrepreneurial behaviour will be summarized.
2.1 Methodology used to capture behaviour
Henry Mintzberg (1968) pioneered direct observation and analysis of managerial behav-iours, using systematic observation as a sociological device to capture the data. His study challenged and ultimately changed the then prevailing conception of management (Kurke & Aldrich, 1983; Stewart, 1989; Tengblad, 2001). Mintzberg and replicating studies primarily relied on the following approach in generating their data: A trained researcher observes the manager doing his job for a predefined period of time (mostly one working week), taking notes of all events and activities. This documentation is done in a number of dimensions, primarily duration and description of activity, but also purpose, participants, as well as self initiation and place of the event (Envick & Luthans, 1996; Martin, 1982). Only during and ex post this observation, however, the researcher is to develop a system to categorize the ob-served events or behaviours. The researchers coding should not be influenced by an a priori analysis of extant literature, behavioural theorizing or his own past experience but “by the single event taking place before him” (Mintzberg, 1973). Furthermore, hypotheses are de-rived as well as theories are developed iteratively during or deductively after (most of) the study has taken place (Mintzberg, 1971). After coding the recorded events, a multidimen-sional quantitative analysis was performed to identify activity patterns, time allocation and communication models. Based on this, further (theoretical) deductions were made, in par-ticular a role theory of management was developed (Mintzberg, 1968).

Mintzberg’s approach has been criticised for a number of reasons, most conspicuously in terms of lack of internal, construct and external validity as well as reliability (Lamond, 2003; Martinko & Gardner, 1985; Stewart, 1989). Also, a lack of theoretical foundation of the method has been reported (Stewart, 1989). While rigor of the methodology can be improved through larger sample size, multi-method multi-rater approaches and other complimentary research devices, the question remains if the approach as such generates the right data to explore, analyse and explain (entrepreneurial) behaviour. This issue of theoretical foundation of behavioural observation methods shall be addressed in the course of this paper through application of SLT.
2.2 Managerial and entrepreneurial behaviour
Managerial behaviour has been the focus of a number of studies in management research, mostly founded in the seminal work by Henry Mintzberg (1971). Mintzberg (1971) found managerial activities to be characterized by brevity, being dictated by external events and necessities. Based on his findings, he developed a managerial role concept which finds managers to take on interpersonal, informational and decisional roles. Although Mintzberg’s sample was small and parts of his methodology questionable (see above), subsequent stud-ies made similar findings (Kurke & Aldrich, 1983).

In the much younger discipline of Entrepreneurship research, direct studies of entrepre-neurial behaviour are scarce. Still, a Mintzberg replicating research conducted in small en-terprises has found that Entrepreneurs exhibit the same behaviours as traditional managers, only in different configurations and with different emphasis (Envick & Luthans, 1996). Moreover, they also exhibit increased fragmentation of activities (Choran, 1969). Still, nei-ther the managerial nor the entrepreneurship research summarized above relied on psycho-logical theory to model, predict or explain observed behaviour. Consequently, a behavioural approach such as SLT can benefit understanding, validity and reliability of research (Davis & Luthans, 1980). The following section shall depict the concepts of SLT, which are subse-quently used to derive propositions for entrepreneurship research.
3 Theoretical model
As stated in the introduction, SLT represents a general theory of behaviour (Bandura, 1986; Leonard et al., 1999). Synthesizing principles of learning with behaviourism and cog-nitive psychology, SLT is one approach to understanding and explaining human behaviour relying on a variety of far-reaching constructs (Bandura, 2006; Freeman et al., 2004). SLT does neither describe humans as impelled from within by psychological drives nor as con-trolled by the external environment (Leonard et al., 1999). Rather, “human functioning […] involves interrelated control systems in which behaviour is determined by external stimulus events, by internal processing systems and regulatory codes” (Bandura, 1977, p. 19). The triadic reciprocality of this proposition (see figure I) does not, however, imply that the re-spective two sides influence each other with equal strength (Freeman et al., 2004). Rather, it has been proposed that personality and activity do constitute the strongest couple in produc-ing social behaviour in standard situations, whereas situational influences are more important in extreme situations (Bandura, 2006; Freeman et al., 2004). Also, the influences can (and usually are at one specific point in time) unidirectional (Bandura, 1986). In the following, SLT’s key propositions further to triadic reciprocality shall be considered in detail, in par-ticular within a model suggested for research on entrepreneurial behaviour.

— Insert figure I about here —

Researchers have repeatedly suggested the use of SLT as an alternative to more tradi-tional leadership theories or even as an underlying framework for the field of organizational behaviour itself (Envick & Luthans, 1996; Ginter & White, 1982; Schmude et al., 2008). More specifically, Davis and Luthans (1980) developed a framework for behavioural analysis within the social learning approach to organizational behaviour. This contingency approach analyses the interactive nature of the situation (S), the organism (O), the behaviour (B) and the consequence (C). It allows for modelling and functional analysis of environmental-cognitive-behavioural events. The operationalization of the framework in behavioural research can be performed by defining and measuring variables depicting the qualities of the SOBC (Ginter & White, 1982). For entrepreneurship this implies that internal and external situational variables are to be measured (S), the motives, values, cognitive abilities of entre-preneurs are to be assessed (E), behaviours should be observed (B) and consequences re-coded (C) (see figure II).

— Insert figure II about here —

Further to this, Bandura (1986) find that the predictive power of SLT (and of psycho-logical theories in general) lies in micromeasures rather than in mixed conglomerates (aver-aged measures) (p. 11). Thus, he argues for an idiographic rather than nomothetic approach, meaning that SLT acknowledges that humans are different in their make-up. Still, humans are not entirely unique in their reaction to influences, which again gives room for search of general principles of behaviour (Bandura, 1986; Davis & Luthans, 1980). Applying the above concepts in the realm of entrepreneurship, SLT brings about implications for research design and methods on the one hand and supports formulation of hypothesis on the other hand.
4 Development of propositions
4.1 Propositions regarding methodology used to capture behaviour
Considering behavioural research in management and entrepreneurship through the lens of SLT, a number of methodological flaws become apparent. First, early research focused on explaining behaviour through internal dispositions, for example by trying to identify traits of managers or entrepreneurs. These traits were subsequently used to, for example, explain managerial success or failure. Hence, the approach takes a predominantly unidirectional perspective, and collects data on personality and physical traits (Chomsky, 1967; Fueglistaller et al., 2008). More recently, research has taken a contingent perspective, with the envi-ronment and personality influencing the behaviour of entrepreneurs (Yukl, 2005). Methods were focusing on extracting relevant data from the environment, still being inconsistent in their epistemological assumptions and theoretical foundations (Stewart, 1993). Based on the propositions from SLT, however, research should take ideographic and interactionist per-spective, in which individual behaviour, cognitive and other internal events and the external environment produce a behavioural outcome. Thus, the behaviour should be captured in situ taking all ecological variables into account and subsequently into the analysis. This step has, however, not been thoroughly taken within entrepreneurship research (Schwehm, 2007). Consequently, the first propositions refer to the choice of variables to include in the empirical exploration and subsequent explanation and modelling of entrepreneurial behaviour:

P1.1: To comprehensively explore entrepreneurial behaviour data on relevant environ-ment and personality variables as well as actual content of activities needs to be col-lected.
P1.2: Similarly, to explain, model and predict entrepreneurial behaviour, the personality as well as external events of the specific situation need to be carefully evaluated using SLT parameters.
4.2 Propositions regarding entrepreneurial behaviour
Without going into much detail, the following shall exemplarily depict how SLT can help develop propositions on entrepreneurial behaviour, in particular with regard to its de-limitation from managerial behaviour. Hypotheses should integrate the findings of extant entrepreneurship and management literature in the SLT perspective (Davis & Luthans, 1980; Stewart, 1993).
Considering situational stimulus (S) and entrepreneur (E) as the factors interactively producing behaviour, we find that both managers and entrepreneurs are active in fundamen-tally similar environments (S) (see figure I & II). This is because both are in charge of man-aging a firm or an organization, with all the necessities arising from that (Cunningham & Lischeron, 1991). More specifically, entrepreneurs must engage in managerial activities to ensure survival of their ventures (Cunningham & Lischeron, 1991; Fueglistaller et al., 2008). If strong necessities from the environment arise, people have been shown to exhibit similar, predictable behaviour (Freeman et al., 2004). Hence, the following proposition can be formu-lated:

P2.1: Entrepreneurs engage in all activities comprised in a general managers activity profile

Still, studies have found little overlap in general traits of managers and entrepreneurs (E) (Gardner & Avolio, 1998; Llewellyn & Wilson, 2003). Also, aspects of the entrepreneurial environment (S) are more dynamic and unstable (Gartner, 2008). Considering these differ-ences in S and E leads to the conclusion that some behaviours of entrepreneurs and managers are to differ, particularly in terms of time spend on specific tasks (Envick & Luthans, 1996):

P2.2: The activity profile between entrepreneur and manager exhibits differences in terms of time allocated to activities

More specifically, literature reports that entrepreneurs are continuously focused on the external environment, searching for new products or services, market developments and communicating with external parties (Chandler & Hanks, 1994). In contrast to that, managers dedicate most of their time on internally oriented activities (McCall et al., 1978 ). Therefore, we can hypothesize that entrepreneurs engage in activities beyond the organizational boundaries more frequently (for example networking activities with investors, peers and customers).

P2.3: Entrepreneurs spend more time on activities directed beyond organizational boundaries than managers
5 Conclusion
At the outset of this paper we identified a research gap in entrepreneurship regarding studies of entrepreneurial behaviour. Furthermore, the limited extant research on behaviour lacks theoretical foundation of research design and research guiding hypotheses. SLT has been found an appropriate theoretical basis to address these issues. The twofold contribution of the theory relates to supporting the elaboration of an appropriate research design, the modeling and explanation of entrepreneurial behavior as well as the formulation of proposi-tions. More specifically, the data collection method should focus on generating comprehen-sive records on the entrepreneurial behavior, its environment and the entrepreneur. Further-more, propositions on the difference between managerial and entrepreneurial behavior can be formulated relying on SLT. Although not being very detailed in this paper, a more elaborated ‘social learning theory of entrepreneurship’ could yield compelling behavioral modeling for entrepreneurship and management research.

Figure I

Figure II

References

Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. New York: General Learning Press.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (2006). Psychological modeling: Conflicting theories. Chicago: Aldine.
Brown, T. C., & Hanlon, D. (2004). Developing behavioural observation scales to foster effective entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 17(2), 103-116.
Chandler, G. N., & Hanks, S. H. (1994). Founder competence, the environment, and venture performance. Entrepreneurship — Theory and Practice, 18(3).
Chomsky, N. A. (1967). A review of skinner’s verbal behavior. In L. A. M. Jakobovits, Murray S. (Ed.), Readings in the psychology of language (pp. pp. 142-143): Prentice-Hall.
Choran, I. (1969). The manager of a small company. McGill University, Montreal
Crossley, B., & Pittaway, L. (2000). The self-perception of entrepreneurial competencies: Are large organisations losing the battle of corporate enterprise?, British Academy of Management Conference. Edinburgh, Scotland.
Cunningham, J. B., & Lischeron, J. (1991). Defining entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 29(1), 45-61.
Davis, T. R. V., & Luthans, F. (1980). A social learning approach to organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 5(2), 281-290.
Envick, B. R., & Luthans, F. (1996). Identifying the activities of entrepreneur-managers: An idiographic approach, Academy of Entrepreneurship Conference. Maui, Hawaii.
Freeman, A., Mahoney, M. J., Devito, P., & Martin, D. (2004). Cognition and psychotherapy (2 ed.). New York: Springer.
Fueglistaller, U., Müller, C., & Volery, T. (2008). Entrepreneurship modelle – umsetzung – perspektiven mit fallbeispielen aus deutschland, österreich und der schweiz Schweiz: Gabler Verlag.
Gardner, W. L., & Avolio, B. J. (1998). The charismatic relationship: A dramaturgical pers-pective. Academy of Management Review, 23(1), 32-58.
Gartner, W. B. (1989). “Who is an entrepreneur?” Is the wrong question. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 13(4), 47-68.
Gartner, W. B. (2008). Entrepreneurship hop. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 32(2), 361-368.
Ginter, P. M., & White, D. D. (1982). A social learning approach to strategic management: Toward a theoretical foundation. Academy of Management Review, 7(2), 253-261.
Good, W. S. (1993). Building a dream: A comprehensive guide to starting a business of your own. . Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson.
Houts, S., & Kassab, C. (1997). Rotter’s social learning theory and fear of crime: Differences by race and ethnicity. Social Science Quarterly (University of Texas Press), 78(1), 122-136.
Kilby, P. (1971). Entrepreneurship and economic development. New York: The Free Press.
Kurke, L. B., & Aldrich, H. E. (1983). Mintzberg was right!: A replication and extension of the nature of managerial work. Management Science, 29(8), 975-984.
Lamond. (2003). Henry mintzberg vs henri fayol: Of lighthouses, cubists, and the emperor’s new clothes. The Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 8(4).
Leonard, K. E., Blane, H. T., & Blane, H. T. (1999). Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism (2 ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
Llewellyn, D. J., & Wilson, K. M. (2003). The controversial role of personality traits in entrepreneurial psychology. Eucation + Training, 45(6), 341-345.
Man, T. W. Y., Lau, T., & Chan, K. F. (2002). The competitiveness of small and medium enterprises a conceptualization with focus on entrepreneurial competencies. Journal of Busi-ness Venturing, 17(2), 123.
Martin, W. J. (1982). Studying educational organizations with structured observation. Pea-body Journal of Education, 59(3), 160-169.
Martinko, M. J., & Gardner, W. L. (1985). Beyond structured observation: Methodological issues and new directions. Academy of Management Review, 10(4), 676-695.
Martinko, M. J., & Gardner, W. L. (1990). Structured observation of managerial work: A replication and synthesis. Journal of Management Studies, 27(3), 329-357.
McCall, M. W., Jr., Morrison, A. M., & Hannan, R. L. (1978 ). Studies of managerial work: Results and methods. Greensboro, NC: Center for Creative Leadership.
Mintzberg, H. (1968). The manager at work – determinig his activities, roles, and programs by structured observation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston.
Mintzberg, H. (1971). Managerial work: Analysis from observation. Management Science, 18(2), B-97-B-110.
Mintzberg, H. (1990). The manager’s job – folklore and facts. Harvard Business Re-view(March-April).
Schmude, J. r., Welter, F., & Heumann, S. (2008). Entrepreneurship research in germany. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 32(2), 289-311.
Schwehm, M. O. (2007). Entrepreneurship im internationalen vergleich: Erfassung, beobachtung und erklärung. Marburg: Books on Demand GmbH.
Stevenson, H. H., & Jarillo, J. C. (1990). A paradigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial management. Strategic Management Journal, 11(4), 17-27.
Stewart, R. (1989). Studies of managerial jobs and behaviour: The ways forward. Journal of Management Studies, 26(1), 1-10.
Stewart, R. (1993). Managerial behaviour. In To be published: International encyclopedia of business and management: Routledge.
Sulsky, L. M., & Kline, T. J. B. (2007). Understanding frame-of-reference training success: A social learning theory perspective. International Journal of Training & Development, 11(2), 121-131.
Tengblad, S. (2001). Classic, but not seminal: Revisiting the pioneering study about mana-gerial work. Scandinavian Journal of Management.
Timmons, J. A. (2002). New venture creation – entrepreneurship for the 21st century.
Yukl, G. A. (2005). Leadership in organizations. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

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It is a Report.
it is all explain in the papers attached.
It is important to follow the structure of the report

MN3030 ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION

This is merely a guide for those of you who may not have produced reports in earlier modules – modifications of the layout are acceptable. A report has a clear structure and is a formal way of presenting research information and is therefore a different approach to an essay.

I hope the following is helpful –

REPORT FORMAT

To:

From:

Date:

Subject:

TERMS OF REFERENCE

This section states what the purpose of the report is and what the report will cover – it should be brief.

INTRODUCTION or BACKGROUND

This section will provide the background to the main part of the report. In this assessment it might mention the importance of entrepreneurship and innovation. Terms and definitions can be covered here so that the rest of the report can concentrate on the discussion of the issues.

Now we have the main body of the report – you can break this up with different headings – such as ………..these are your decision!

But for eg.

THE IMPORTANCE OF ……………….

AN EVALUATION OF………………

CONCLUSIONS

This will summarise the main points from the earlier discussion

RECOMMENDATIONS (not all reports require recommendations- so check)

Here you can set out any recommendations you wish to put forward. However, it is normal to justify them briefly as well – therefore you may refer back to the main body of the report or to the conclusions.

REFERENCES/Bibliography

References should be the ones you have used in the report – therefore they should appear in the text – using the Harvard method. This should be a list of the full reference – author, year, publisher – usually in alphabetical order.

APPENDICES

These should be relevant – and must be referred to in the main text. Tables, graphs can be used and then the main points discussed in the main body of the report

Each section of the report can be numbered – 1,2,3 etc starting from Terms of Reference and ending at Recommendations – where you have a series of sub headings they can be numbered 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and so on

MN3030
Entrepreneurship and Innovation

Assessment 2 (70%)

You are required to prepare a report on an entrepreneurship or innovation issue or challenge.

You will need to conduct some research into an issue or challenge of entrepreneurship and innovation. You will need to draw on theory from the literature in this area. You will need to develop a critical approach to the literature, as it is a representation of a particular viewpoint or argument. Some literature will be more useful than others. The core text (Lowe and Marriot) is a good starting point but you should use a variety of sources drawn from books, journals, the business press as well as online sources. Remember, a balance of sources. Avoid depending totally on online sources. It is recommended that you use examples or cases to illustrate your points. There is the opportunity to reflect on the course material.

A report structure is available on WebLearn.

You should draw on relevant theory and practical examples to address the question that you have chosen; gradually building a convincing argument leading to conclusions that are grounded in the theory you have used.

Examples of issues or challenges are shown below – but there will be others

Issues

1, Intrapreneurship – how can organisations reinvent themselves and become more
entrepreneurial
2. Social entrepreneurship – how can social entrepreneurship contribute to society
3. Barriers to growth – how can barriers be overcome
4. The challenges for business start-ups
5. How can entrepreneurship and innovation contribute to the public sector
6. The management of innovation
7. Strategy in entrepreneurial firms ( which could include franchising )
8. Ethnic minority entrepreneurship – overcoming barriers
9. Female entrepreneurship

Your report should be around 2500-3000 words

All of above examples are areas where there are a lot of sources of material – some helpful articles will be place on WebLearn which along with the core text may provide a starting point.

Your report must be properly referenced.

NOTE: YOU WILL NEED TO REGISTER YOUR CHALLENGE OR ISSUE WITH YOUR TUTOR

Your Self Reflection should be attached as an appendix to your report

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Effective communication is more than something that the project manager must schedule. It is more like a means of doing business. The project manager will not only need to communicate with his or her staff; he or she will also need to communicate with his or her supervisors and with the primary stakeholders to report back progress or obstacles. It can be argued that the most important quality of a project manager is good communication skills. Without effective communication, the project manager risks the disintegration of the project rather than integration of the project. This is what I want you to develop or write below!
Develop a communication management plan for the IRTC project. This should identify the project stakeholders who must be reached. For each group of stakeholders or individuals, describe the communication mechanism, the frequency of communication, the format, other parties involved, the initiator’s responsibilities, recipients’ responsibilities and on the very last page describe the system that will be used throughout the project for recording and sharing project information related to schedule, budget, utilization, and status components. Describe the tools and techniques you will use to capture and report metrics. Describe the frequency with which the metrics will be captured and how the resulting analysis will be applied and communicated and describe the required communication mechanism. This will be four pages.

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Paper details The assignment is as follows:
Pre-meeting Assignment: An interview with a school facilities planner or business manager or principal or superintendent is required. With specific regard to school business administration and/or facilities management, the student should endeavor to learn about the individual’s preparation for the position, the main responsibilities of the position and the attendant pitfalls, and the relationship the individual sees to site-based business administration and facilities management. A written synopsis, including the student’s response to the interview, will be submitted electronically no later than January 13, 2012, 5:00 PM. (You may interview someone in your home district or in another district, but that person may be interviewed only once. Each student should choose a different interviewee.) Please use a narrative format for your submission not a question-and-answer format. Below were the guidance questions used:
1. What non-instructional functions are the responsibility of the school principal?
2. How is she or he oriented to oversee these functions?
3. What are the accountability measures for these functions?
I am frantically looking for the responses to send them to you.

Interview Rubric
Excellent Adequate Marginal Inadequate
Job Preparation 4: Complete, thorough 3: Basic overview 2: Limited 1: Cursory, incomplete
Responsibilities (and pitfalls) 7: Clear, focused and complete discussion, well supported argument 5: Basic conceptual listing 3: Rambling 1: Indistinct
Relationship to School Business Adm/FacMgt 10: Focused reflection; integrated response 7: Basic discussion; limited integration 4: Limited discussion 1: Minimal discussion
Written Communication 4: Good flow, no errors 3: Few errors 2: Noticeable, distracting errors 1: Major errors

Student:

Total:

Scale: 20-25 A
13-19 B
6-12 C
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