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On the small plain of Marathon the Athenian army defeated a Persian force twice there size due to superior tactics, morale and Persian overconfidence and weakness.
Your presentation needs a format to harness your thoughts and put them into a plan. The outline is a way of doing that. Your outline will include the following:
•An introduction that clearly states your thesis and previews your main points
•A body that covers your main points and supporting evidence
•A conclusion that summarizes your points and presents an effective closing strategy
•In-text citations after each point of your outline that presents evidence from a source
•An APA reference page
In addition to your outline, you will also turn in the following documents in RLUT task 1:
•An original visual aid
•A visual aid script
•A visual aid description
•Three audience questions and answers
I have already written alot of the presentation, but unable to put it in outline format. Here is what I have written so far, would like it used in my presentation:The Battle of Marathon
In September 490 BC two armies engaged in what could be considered the first clash of civilizations. On the small plain of Marathon the Athenian army defeated a Persian force twice there size due to superior tactics, morale and Persian overconfidence and weakness.
Persia is the superpower of the 5th century BC. Having a landmass about the size of the continental United States, ruling over a variety of peoples and cultures. Ancient Greece is no bigger than New York State, with a population of maybe half a million people.(Picture Persia/Greece) The cause of this battle was in 499 BC. A Greek province of the Persian Empire in what is now Turkey called Ionia rebelled. They called upon their fellow Greeks for assistance and Athens sent ships and men but to no avail. Darius was so incensed at the Athenians that the Greek historian Herodotus states the King had a palace slave whisper three times in his ear at meals ∜My lord, remember the Athenians (Herodotus, 2007).∠And he always did, about 10 years later, after a previous attempt had failed, he sent a fleet of 600 ships and an army of 25,000 men to burn Athens to the ground and add Greece to his empire. The place the Persian Generals Datis and Artaphernes chose for their amphibious landing was at the bay of Marathon, approximately 26 miles away from Athens. The Persians were confident of victory, after all they had numbers and time was their ally.
Athens sent a runner named Pheidippides to request help from Sparta, which had the finest Army in all of Greece. He made the 140 mile journey in less than two days, but it was all in vain. Sparta wouldn∙t help due to a religious festival. So, 10,000 Athenian soldiers called hoplites came to do battle with the Persians at Marathon. The Hoplite was not a professional soldier. Athens relied on all male citizens between 18 and 60 years of age to serve when needed. A good citizen was expected to keep himself and his arms in shape when called upon, like a modern day National Guard or Reserve. The type of service a man rendered depended on how wealthy he was, because he supplied his own weapons and armor. (Picture of hoplite)Your average hoplite carried about 70 pounds of equipment. This included armor, helmet, shield, spear and sword. (Picture of phalanx)They fought in a formation called a phalanx in which men would line up in close order ranks, locking their shields together, forming one solid mass. Experienced middle aged soldiers would be in the front, the younger inexperienced men in the middle and bringing up the rear would be the older, most experienced soldiers, who would make sure the younger ones kept moving forward, at sword point if necessary. The soldiers would then fight as a cohesive unit, rather than as individuals. The depth and length of the phalanx depended on the size of the enemy formation. The Athenians had no cavalry, archers or navy, just their heavy hoplite infantry.
The Persians were lighter armed troops but had cavalry, archers and naval units. But it was made up of subject soldiers, men who often had to be whipped to move towards the enemy at times. They also were not a cohesive unit like the Athenians; many of them would be members of different tribes and speak different languages. They would be called a conscript army today. Herodotus in his history attributes this quote to Mardonios, the nephew of Darius who took part in the battle ∜The Persians suffered from that most dangerous tendency in war: a wish to kill but not to die in the process∠(Herodotus, 2007).
The Hoplites stared at the Persians about a mile away; this face off went on for a couple of days. Disgusted by the Athenians refusing to give battle, the Persians sent most of their fleet carrying the cavalry units to attack Athens from the west. The Athenian general, Militades ordered his troops to attack at a run. The Persians thought it suicidal madness. The Greek center flank gave way to the Persian line, but the Greeks were stronger on the right and left flanks and defeated the Persians there, then, instead of pursing the retreating Persians, the Greeks on the flanks reformed there ranks and attacked the Persian center. The charge was so ruthless it won the day, 6400 Persians lay dead, the rest fled back to the sea, many having their hands chopped off as they tried to get back on the remaining ships. The Greeks lost about 192 men in the battle, but they had no time to celebrate. The Persian Navy was still moving towards Athens. A message to resist at all cost had to get through to the city. Phidepides, who took part in the battle, was again called on to make a long run. When he reached Athens he cried ∜Niki∠and died from exhaustion. Niki is Greek for victory. The people of Athens took heart and held on until the army returned. When the Persian fleet saw the city reinforced they retreated back to Persia.
At the battle of Marathon, the Athenian army defeated a larger, overconfident Persian force through shrewd tactics and, superior morale. The Athenians made good use of their available resources, choosing the time of battle and being flexible with their phalanx deployment. They also were fighting to defend their country∙s freedom and independence. The Persians thought sheer numbers would overwhelm the small Greek state. The Persians foolishly divided their army in the presence of the Athenians, rather than concentrating and destroying the opposing army. Overestimating the fighting abilities of their army of conscripts against the citizen soldiers of Athens. A proverb from the Bible in the book of Ecclesiastes comes to mind when studying the battle of Marathon, ∜I have seen something else under the sun, the race is not to the swift or the battle to the strong∠(Ecclesiastes 9:11, New International Version).
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